Research Article |
Corresponding author: Marcos Fianco ( fianco.marcos@gmail.com ) Academic editor: Klaus-Gerhard Heller
© 2021 Marcos Fianco, Phillip Watzke Engelking, Gustavo Costa Tavares.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Fianco M, Engelking PW, Tavares GC (2021) Rediscovering the rare short-winged unicorn katydid Toledopizia salesopolensis (Piza) (Tettigoniidae: Conocephalinae) from South and Southeastern Brazil: First description of male and bioacoustics. Journal of Orthoptera Research 30(2): 193-200. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.30.72513
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Toledopizia Chamorro-Rengifo & Braun, 2010 is a poorly known monotypic genus of Copiphorini. The only known specimen is the female type of T. salesopolensis (Piza, 1980). In this contribution, we present an updated description of this species, describing the unknown male, and provide biological and bioacoustic data. We also describe color variation, update the distribution data, and extend the known distribution of the species to two localities in Paraná State and another two in São Paulo State.
behavior, calling song, Copiphorini, male genitalia, new record
Toledopizia
Chamorro-Rengifo & Braun, 2010 is a monotypic genus of brachypterous katydids with a conspicuously long and pointed fastigium of vertex that is five or six times longer than the antennal scape; the pronotum is small, with shallow lateral lobes without humeral sinus and with an exceptionally long ovipositor that is almost as long as the body (
The genus is very similar to another monotypic genus from Guatemala, Mayacephalus Cadena-Castañeda, Monzón-Sierra & Cortés-Torres, 2016. However, this last genus was proposed as a separated taxon based on the following combination of characters: the presence of a humeral sinus, well-developed furrows on the pronotal disk, and the genicular lobes of fore and mid femora being unarmed (
In this contribution, we present four new records of Toledopizia salesopolensis from the Coastal Atlantic Forest of Brazil. Additionally, we provide the first description of the male and the first description of the bioacoustics of this species.
The katydids were sampled in four sites throughout the dense ombrophilous forest of the coastal Atlantic forest: Graciosa Moutain range (-25.339522, -48.892949) in the Graciosa road, which crosses the sea’s ridge of Paraná State in the Morretes municipality; Guaricana old road (-25.726172, -49.008736), which drives to the sea’s ridge of Parana in the São José dos Pinhais municipality; Extrema municipality in the Mantiqueira Mountain range (-22.879661, -46.304542); and São Lourenço da Serra in sea’s ridge of São Paulo State (-22.927950, -46.904334) (Fig.
After collection, individuals were brought to the laboratory, placed in individual plastic jars, and fed with fish food flakes, insects, and grass seeds. To gather bioacoustic samples, males were placed alone in a tulle box and recorded with the help of a Tascam DR-22WL recorder; samples were in .wav sound format at a sampling frequency of 96 kHz, 24 bits, +1 dB / -3 dB. Songs were analyzed using Raven PRO 64 1.5.0 (
The individuals were then euthanized, dissected in order to remove the internal organs and maintain the color, and filled with cotton to maintain the shape. Male genitalia were removed with the help of scissors and insect pins, then left for 6 hours in 10% KOH, washed with 1% acetic acid for five minutes, and transferred to vials with glycerine that were placed on the respective specimen pin. The terminology adopted to the phallic complex followed
The specimens were analyzed under an Olympus SZH10 stereomicroscope with an Olympus DF Planapo IX lens. Photos were taken with the aid of a Leica digital camera, DFC295, coupled with the Leica stereoscopic microscope and stacked with Zerene Stacker software (Version 1.04 Build). Photos of the habitus were made using a Nikon D5300 attached to a sigma 105 mm macro lens, then stacked with Zerene software. Photos in vivo were not stacked.
We use the following abbreviations in the text for measurements (in mm): body length, BL (distance from the fastigium to the apex of abdomen, excluding terminalia); tegmina length, TL; fastigium length, FL; head width, HW; pronotal disc length, PL; lateral lobe of pronotum length, LLPL; lateral lobe of pronotum height, LLPH; femur III length, FiiiL; tibia III length, TiiiL; subgenital plate length, SPL; cercus length, CL; ovipositor length, OL; stridulatory file length, SFL; number of teeth in the stridulatory file, TN.
The specimens are deposited at the Museu Nacional (MNRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and “Coleção Entomológica Padre Jesus Santiago Moure” (DZUP), Curitiba, Brazil.
Family Tettigoniidae Krauss, 1902
Subfamily Conocephalinae Kirby & Spence, 1826
Tribe Copiphorini Karny, 1912
Toledopizia salesopolensis (Piza, 1980)
Toledopizia
is characterized by the following combination of characters: medium-sized brachypterous katydids; very long and acuminated fastigium of vertex, at least five times longer than scapus (Fig.
Toledopizia differs from other Copiphorini genera by the following characteristics: Mayacephalus by the presence of humeral sinus, dorsal furrows on the pronotum, and fore and mid genicular lobes unarmed; Daedalellus and Brachycaulopsis Fontana, Mariño-Pérez & Woller, 2013 by the shorter and apically rounded fastigium of vertex; Caetitus Antunes, Chamorro-Rengifo & Takiya, 2018 by the fastigium of vertex shorter, with three spines, genae bearing spine-like projections and pronotum, notably produced behind; and Copiphora and Acantheremus by the macropterous condition.
Acantheremus salesopolensis
Piza, 1980: 111 (Fig.
Toledopizia salesopolensis
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Brazil • ♀; São Paulo, Salesópolis, Reserva Biológica de Boraceia; 25 Dec. 1963; F. Werner and H. Reichardt leg.; Departamento de Zoologia da Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” (ESALQ), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
Brazil • 1♀; São Paulo, São Lourenço da Serra; 23°55’40.6”S, 46°54’15.6”W; Nov.2017; P.W. Engelking leg.; MNRJ • 2♂; São Paulo, Extrema; 22°52’46.8”S, 46°18’16.4”W; Mar.2018; P.W. Engelking leg.; MNRJ • 2♂; Paraná, São João dos Pinhais, Estr. Guaricana; 25°43’19”S, 49°0’30”W; 09.Apr.2021; M. Fianco & D.N. Barbosa leg.; active night collecting; DZUP • 1♂; Paraná, Morretes, Serra da Graciosa; 25°20’41”S, 48°53’28”W; 22.Apr.2021; M. Fianco & A.L. Mott Jr. leg.; active night collecting; DZUP • 1♂1♀; same data as for preceding; 08.Apr.2021; M. Fianco, A.L. Mott Jr. & C.C. Borda leg.; DZUP.
Body slender, general color green, fastigium of vertex quite long, ovipositor as long as body (Fig.
Specific characters of Toledopizia salesopolensis. A, B. Head in lateral (A) and dorsal view (B); C. Pronotum, dorsal view; D, E. Male left (D) and right tegmen (E); F. Posterior wing; G. Stridulatory file (A1 vein); H. Meso and metabasisternum; I. Tergite X; J, K. male left cercus in ventral (J) and dorsal view (K); L, M. male (L) and female subgenital plate (M). Scale bars: 6 mm (A–C); 7 mm (D–F); 1 mm (G–I, M); 0.5 mm (J, K); 1.5 mm (L).
Specimens can be found with two color patterns: green and brownish-yellow (Figs
All individuals sampled seem to have a particular relation to bamboo (see Fig.
Males stridulate only at night, producing long echeme sequences (Fig.
Males: BL: 25.0–29.1; TL: 9.0–10.8; FL: 5.3–8.0; HW: 4.0–4.7; PL: 7–9; LLPL: 5.6–8.0; LLPH: 3.5–4.5; FiiiL: 14.1–18.0; TiiiL: 14.7–18.0; SPL: 2.7–3.5; CL: 1.5–2.5; SFL: 2; TN: 159. Females: BL: 30.0–35.1; TL: 8.0–8.4; FL: 6.2–8.0; HW: 5–6; PL: 6.9–8.0; LLPL: 6; LLPH: 3.8–4.0; FiiiL: 19.5–19.7; TiiiL: 19–21; SPL: 1.4–1.5; CL: 2; OL: 38.0–40.2.
As mentioned before, the two nominal species T. salesopolensis and Mayacephalus dickmanorum Cadena-Castañeda, Monzón-Sierra & Cortés-Torres, 2016 are very similar due to the long and pointed fastigium of the vertex, the long and straight ovipositor, and the brachypterous condition (
Among more than 55 genera of the tribe Copiphorini, the bioacoustics of only a few species has been studied (e.g., some species of Artiotonus Montealegre-Z., Morris, Sarria-S. & Mason, 2011, Copiphora, Euconocephalus Karny, 1907, Lirometopum Scudder, 1875, and Vestria Stål, 1874 etc.; see
M.F. is greatly indebted to the Orthoptera Species File and Orthopterist’s Society, for receiving an OSF grant that allowed him to buy the photographic equipment and the sound recorder used in this study, and to the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for financial support (grant 140559/2020-5). We are thankful to The Cornell Lab of Ornithology, which sponsored the license of Raven Pro 1.5 to MF; to Dr. G.A.R. de Melo and Laboratório de Biologia Comparada de Hymenoptera (LBCH) for all help and laboratory facilities; and to D.N. Barbosa, C.J.C. Borda, and A.L. Mott Jr for all help in the field trips done in Paraná State. P.W.E. would like to thank E.W. Engelking, E.B. Crispino, V.M. Ghirotto, and S.H. Kamakuza. G.C.T. would like to thank the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001). We are grateful to the editor, Dr. Klaus-Gerhard Heller, and to the reviewers for all the comments and corrections that greatly increased the manuscript’s quality. We also thank The Orthopterist’s Society for all support.