Research Article |
Corresponding author: Hannah M. ter Hofstede ( hannah.ter.hofstede@dartmouth.edu ) Academic editor: Klaus-Gerhard Heller
© 2020 Hannah M. ter Hofstede, Laurel B. Symes, Sharon J. Martinson, Tony Robillard, Paul Faure, Shyam Madhusudhana, Rachel A. Page.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
ter Hofstede HM, Symes LB, Martinson SJ, Robillard T, Faure P, Madhusudhana S, Page RA (2020) Calling songs of Neotropical katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) from Panama. Journal of Orthoptera Research 29(2): 137-201. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.29.46371
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Understanding the ecology and evolution of animal communication systems requires detailed data on signal structure and variation across species. Here, we describe the male acoustic signals of 50 species of Neotropical katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) from Panama, with the goal of providing data and recordings for future research on katydid communication, evolution, ecology, and conservation. Male katydids were recorded individually using an ultrasound-sensitive microphone and high-sampling rate data acquisition board to capture both audible and ultrasonic components of calls. Calls varied enormously in duration, temporal patterning, peak frequency, and bandwidth both across and within subfamilies. We confirm previous studies showing that katydid species within the subfamily Pseudophyllinae produced short calls (<250 ms) at long intervals and we confirm that this is true for species in the subfamily Phaneropterinae as well. Species in the Conocephalinae, on the other hand, typically produced highly repetitive calls over longer periods of time. However, there were exceptions to this pattern, with a few species in the Conocephalinae producing very short calls at long intervals, and some species in the Phaneropterinae producing relatively long calls (1–6 s) or calling frequently. Our results also confirm previous studies showing a relationship between katydid size and the peak frequency of the call, with smaller katydids producing higher frequency calls, but the slope of this relationship differed with subfamily. We discuss the value of documenting the diversity in katydid calls for both basic studies on the ecology, evolution, and behavior of these species as well as the potential conservation benefits for bioacoustics monitoring programs.
acoustic signals, bioacoustics monitoring, vbushcrickets, insect communication, ultrasound
Understanding the ecology and evolution of animal communication systems requires detailed data on signals and how they vary across species (
Katydids, also known as bushcrickets, are a highly diverse group of insects (
Calling songs have been described for many katydid species across the world, and the acoustic properties of these calls are extraordinarily diverse (
Katydid calls and calling behavior are shaped by many selective forces including female preferences (
In addition to being interesting animals for basic studies on the ecology and evolution of acoustic communication, the conspicuous and species-specific calls produced by katydids make them ideal animals for bioacoustic monitoring projects. Compared to birds and mammals, most insects, including Neotropical katydids, have relatively small home ranges, meaning that their population dynamics will reflect local environmental conditions and will more accurately track heterogeneous conditions across a landscape (
The purpose of this study was to describe the calls of many katydid species within the same community to facilitate future studies on the behavioral ecology, community ecology, conservation biology, and evolutionary biology of these insects. To this end, we provide detailed descriptions of the calls of 50 katydid species from three subfamilies (Conocephalinae, Phaneropterinae, and Pseudophyllinae) from Panama.
Katydids were collected at night from vegetation in the forest and from lights around buildings on Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama (9°09'53"N, 79°50'12"W), during the dry season (January to April) in 2007, 2011, 2014, and 2016–2018. We identified katydids to species, when possible, using a combination of published resources (
Katydids were housed in mesh cages with ad libitum water and food (cat food and apple) until recording. Male mass was determined to the nearest mg using an AWS Gemini-20 scale within 24 hours of capture. Recordings of male calls were made in a screened building close to the forest to maintain katydids at natural ambient temperature, humidity, and acoustic background, factors that appear to be important for male singing behavior. Although temperature can affect calling in katydids (
We quantified acoustic parameters for 2,859 calls from 265 individuals from 50 species from three subfamilies (Conocephalinae; Phaneropterinae; Pseudophyllinae). We used Avisoft SASLAB PRO acoustic analysis software (
Calls generally consisted of multiple short sound pulses (Fig.
Representative call of Orophus conspersus with labelled acoustic parameters: A. Spectrogram; B. Oscillogram; and C. Power spectrum. Temporal parameters – PD: pulse duration, PP: pulse period, WO: wing-opening sound. Spectral parameters – BW: bandwidth, HF: high frequency, LF: low frequency, PF: peak frequency.
In addition to the measurements described above, we estimated spectral profile curves using both analyzed and additional recordings to visualize the variation in frequencies produced by species in this community (Fig.
Representative power spectra (dBFS/Hz) of katydid calls shown with 90% confidence intervals (CI). The number (n) of clips, containing calls of the focal species, used in determining the aggregated values are indicated in the respective plots. Species are arranged from lowest to highest peak frequency (top to bottom, then left to right).
Acantheremus major Naskrecki, 1997
Fig.
Acantheremus major is a mid-sized (0.57 g, n = 1), light green katydid with a broad and flat face, a prominent pointed cone on its head (an elongated fastigium), and black mouthparts (Fig.
The call consists of a rapid series of pulses (Fig.
The pulses in the call are all very similar in their temporal and spectral properties. Pulse durations are 7.1 ± 1.5 ms (mean ± SD; 3 individuals, 7 calls, 68 pulses) and pulse periods are 15.9 ± 5.3 ms. The peak frequency of the pulse is 22.2 ± 0.3 kHz with a -20 dB frequency range spanning 20.6 ± 0.7–24.8 ± 0.9 kHz, giving a bandwidth of 4.2 ± 1.1 kHz, similar to values taken for the call as a whole (Table
This appears to be the first description of the call of this species.
Call parameters for 50 species of katydids recorded on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Values are mean ± standard deviation.
Species | Individuals (calls) | Call Duration (ms) | Number of Pulses in Call | Peak Frequency (kHz) | Low Frequency (kHz) | High Frequency (kHz) | Bandwidth (kHz) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conocephalinae | |||||||
Acantheremus major | 3 (7) | 1,779.2 ± 1,405.7 | 135.0 ± 110.0 | 22.1 ± 0.3 | 20.0 ± 0.8 | 24.9 ± 0.6 | 5.0 ± 1.0 |
Agraecia festae | 3 (15) | 1,950.9 ± 373.9 | 26.5 ± 5.2 | 40.3 ± 1.4 | 32.1 ± 0.5 | 52.0 ± 2.0 | 19.9 ± 1.7 |
Copiphora brevirostris | 8 (115) | 30.0 ± 5.2 | 2.5 ± 0.4 | 32.9 ± 1.2 | 27.8 ± 0.9 | 34.7 ± 1.1 | 6.9 ± 1.5 |
Eppia truncatipennis | 3 (11) | 21,292.1 ± 8,320.1 | 69.6 ± 27.5 | 50.2 ± 2.2 | 37.2 ± 1.5 | 63.4 ± 9.0 | 26.1 ± 8.9 |
Erioloides longinoi | 3 (41) | 1,384.6 ± 336.1 | 157.9 ± 42.8 | 30.1 ± 1.7 | 25.7 ± 2.9 | 37.4 ± 2.4 | 11.7 ± 5.1 |
Neoconocephalus affinis | 5 (25) | 16,827.2 ± 7,471.4 | 468.1 ± 207.8 | 14.9 ± 2.0 | 9.5 ± 0.3 | 30.9 ± 3.0 | 21.4 ± 2.9 |
Subria sylvestris | 3 (37) | 125.0 ± 0.4 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 38.9 ± 2.0 | 23.7 ± 6.2 | 49.3 ± 0.8 | 25.6 ± 6.8 |
Vestria punctata | 3 (23) | 31.4 ± 1.5 | 1.9 ± 0.1 | 29.7 ± 1.3 | 24.1 ± 2.0 | 36.9 ± 1.8 | 12.8 ± 2.9 |
Phaneropterinae | |||||||
Aegimia elongata - call type 1 | 3 (37) | 204.6 ± 24.0 | 3.5 ± 0.5 | 10.2 ± 0.1 | 6.9 ± 0.7 | 20.4 ± 0.6 | 13.5 ± 1.1 |
Aegimia elongata - call type 2 | 2 (7) | 740.2 ± 242.1 | 7.1 ± 1.5 | 10.2 ± 0.1 | 7.5 ± 0.3 | 19.9 ± 0.2 | 12.4 ± 0.5 |
Aegimia maculifolia | 5 (52) | 1,397.9 ± 214.7 | 16.2 ± 2.2 | 17.0 ± 1.4 | 10.2 ± 0.4 | 22.8 ± 0.4 | 12.5 ± 0.7 |
Anapolisia colossea | 9 (116) | 1,964.5 ± 430.0 | 5.6 ± 0.8 | 20.1 ± 0.6 | 12.2 ± 2.4 | 25.4 ± 1.0 | 13.2 ± 2.8 |
Anaulacomera furcata | 3 (53) | 21.2 ± 1.5 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 29.4 ± 1.0 | 24.3 ± 0.8 | 35.9 ± 0.4 | 11.7 ± 0.9 |
Anaulacomera “goat” | 3 (15) | 1.7 ± 0.5 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 27.0 ± 0.6 | 23.2 ± 0.6 | 33.0 ± 3.4 | 9.9 ± 3.8 |
Anaulacomera “ricotta” | 3 (16) | 59.0 ± 2.0 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 33.8 ± 1.8 | 29.3 ± 2.4 | 39.1 ± 1.6 | 9.8 ± 1.5 |
Anaulacomera spatulata | 3 (59) | 43.0 ± 2.5 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 24.5 ± 3.5 | 21.8 ± 3.5 | 29.3 ± 3.1 | 7.5 ± 1.3 |
Anaulacomera “wallace” | 4 (19) | 34.3 ± 2.5 | 3.1 ± 0.3 | 25.0 ± 0.6 | 20.4 ± 1.4 | 31.1 ± 3.9 | 10.7 ± 4.7 |
Arota festae | 10 (83) | 21.4 ± 3.2 | 8.0 ± 0.7 | 12.7 ± 1.5 | 7.8 ± 0.2 | 18.5 ± 1.1 | 10.7 ± 1.2 |
Arota panamae | 10 (156) | 15.3 ± 2.2 | 4.9 ± 0.6 | 24.4 ± 2.6 | 15.1 ± 2.3 | 33.2 ± 2.1 | 18.1 ± 3.9 |
Ceraia mytra | 9 (71) | 75.5 ± 9.4 | 9.7 ± 0.7 | 10.7 ± 0.9 | 6.7 ± 0.5 | 20.3 ± 1.2 | 13.6 ± 1.5 |
Chloroscirtus discocercus | 12 (157) | 139.1 ± 14.2 | 6.4 ± 0.5 | 19.2 ± 2.2 | 11.3 ± 0.9 | 25.7 ± 3.3 | 14.4 ± 3.8 |
Dolichocercus latipennis | 3 (19) | 329.8 ± 26.7 | 15.6 ± 0.7 | 26.2 ± 1.0 | 20.9 ± 0.3 | 31.6 ± 1.3 | 10.7 ± 1.0 |
Ectemna dumicola | 5 (83) | 465.9 ± 59.0 | 9.9 ± 1.3 | 15.1 ± 2.5 | 10.0 ± 0.7 | 26.2 ± 1.8 | 16.1 ± 1.7 |
Euceraia atryx | 3 (14) | 1,093.2 ± 474.6 | 13.8 ± 2.6 | 13.2 ± 1.4 | 11.1 ± 1.1 | 15.9 ± 1.2 | 4.8 ± 0.2 |
Euceraia insignis | 3 (21) | 1,618.6 ± 266.8 | 16.3 ± 1.8 | 12.7 ± 0.7 | 10.3 ± 0.4 | 14.7 ± 0.5 | 4.4 ± 0.9 |
Hetaira sp. | 3 (13) | 36.2 ± 2.9 | 3.0 ± 0.0 | 24.9 ± 1.0 | 21.8 ± 1.2 | 29.5 ± 1.6 | 7.8 ± 0.4 |
Hyperphrona irregularis | 3 (15) | 8.8 ± 1.9 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 16.1 ± 1.0 | 15.3 ± 1.1 | 19.2 ± 1.1 | 3.9 ± 0.2 |
Lamprophyllum bugabae | 14 (207) | 614.8 ± 48.3 | 6.9 ± 0.7 | 9.7 ± 0.4 | 7.1 ± 0.2 | 19.3 ± 0.8 | 12.2 ± 0.7 |
Lamprophyllum micans | 11 (55) | 803.4 ± 49.2 | 8.0 ± 0.2 | 17.4 ± 1.3 | 12.9 ± 0.6 | 23.8 ± 0.8 | 10.9 ± 0.6 |
Microcentrum championi | 4 (20) | 471.8 ± 54.1 | 3.1 ± 0.1 | 10.3 ± 0.4 | 6.8 ± 0.2 | 16.7 ± 1.5 | 9.9 ± 1.6 |
Microcentrum “polka” | 8 (73) | 6,322.1 ± 1,932.6 | 7.6 ± 1.9 | 9.7 ± 0.4 | 7.3 ± 0.3 | 13.6 ± 0.6 | 6.3 ± 0.5 |
Montezumina bradleyi | 3 (18) | 31.9 ± 6.7 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 29.8 ± 4.7 | 18.7 ± 1.0 | 46.5 ± 3.3 | 27.8 ± 3.1 |
Orophus conspersus | 4 (40) | 70.4 ± 13.1 | 3.0 ± 0.7 | 11.1 ± 0.5 | 7.4 ± 0.5 | 19.0 ± 1.0 | 11.6 ± 1.1 |
Philophyllia ingens | 9 (114) | 6.4 ± 2.2 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 10.8 ± 0.8 | 9.3 ± 1.4 | 13.0 ± 0.6 | 3.7 ± 1.4 |
Phylloptera dimidiata | 12 (213) | 20.7 ± 2.6 | 7.7 ± 1.1 | 15.8 ± 1.8 | 10.5 ± 1.0 | 25.0 ± 1.5 | 14.5 ± 2.0 |
Phylloptera quinquemaculata | 3 (15) | 53.1 ± 4.0 | 9.3 ± 1.5 | 11.8 ± 0.4 | 8.9 ± 0.3 | 19.8 ± 3.3 | 10.9 ± 3.5 |
Pycnopalpa bicordata | 3 (14) | 33.4 ± 10.1 | 5.0 ± 1.0 | 26.1 ± 0.9 | 22.5 ± 0.8 | 31.7 ± 2.4 | 9.2 ± 1.7 |
Steirodon stalii | 10 (93) | 208.5 ± 14.9 | 3.0 ± 0.0 | 18.6 ± 1.2 | 13.4 ± 1.0 | 24.4 ± 1.1 | 11.0 ± 1.4 |
Viadana brunneri | 11 (195) | 8.6 ± 0.6 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 16.1 ± 0.5 | 14.7 ± 0.5 | 18.9 ± 0.8 | 4.2 ± 0.7 |
“Waxy” sp. | 3 (13) | 69.3 ± 2.3 | 6.5 ± 0.8 | 11.7 ± 0.5 | 9.9 ± 0.8 | 17.6 ± 1.1 | 7.7 ± 1.8 |
Pseudophyllinae | |||||||
Acanthodis curvidens | 3 (48) | 64.0 ± 7.1 | 5.3 ± 0.4 | 15.6 ± 1.0 | 9.6 ± 0.4 | 21.7 ± 1.7 | 12.1 ± 1.3 |
Balboana tibialis | 4 (20) | 125.3 ± 16.5 | 6.6 ± 1.1 | 14.4 ± 1.5 | 9.1 ± 0.9 | 17.5 ± 1.0 | 8.4 ± 1.5 |
Cocconotus wheeleri | 6 (108) | 247.3 ± 80.1 | 11.4 ± 3.3 | 24.8 ± 1.0 | 20.7 ± 1.0 | 27.4 ± 1.4 | 6.7 ± 1.1 |
Docidocercus gigliotosi | 7 (140) | 117.5 ± 97.0 | 1.6 ± 0.6 | 24.4 ± 0.6 | 23.5 ± 0.6 | 26.1 ± 0.8 | 2.6 ± 0.8 |
Eubliastes pollonerae | 5 (100) | 37.4 ± 3.1 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 24.2 ± 1.5 | 21.1 ± 1.5 | 25.5 ± 1.7 | 4.3 ± 1.7 |
Idiarthron major | 3 (26) | 45.4 ± 2.1 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 24.4 ± 0.7 | 19.6 ± 0.8 | 29.4 ± 1.9 | 9.8 ± 1.4 |
Ischnomela gracilis | 4 (12) | 10.8 ± 1.3 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 73.9 ± 2.1 | 66.5 ± 2.9 | 90.6 ± 6.0 | 24.1 ± 7.7 |
Ischnomela pulchripennis | 3 (15) | 68.8 ± 1.8 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 13.6 ± 0.2 | 12.2 ± 0.2 | 15.4 ± 0.2 | 3.2 ± 0.1 |
Pristonotus tuberosus | 3 (9) | 17.5 ± 0.8 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 10.9 ± 1.7 | 8.3 ± 0.1 | 17.3 ± 2.8 | 9.0 ± 2.7 |
Scopiorinus fragilis | 3 (15) | 60.4 ± 7.3 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 25.6 ± 0.7 | 21.7 ± 0.4 | 31.7 ± 1.0 | 10.0 ± 0.7 |
Thamnobates subfalcata | 3 (15) | 30.6 ± 2.8 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 18.8 ± 0.3 | 17.7 ± 0.4 | 21.1 ± 0.7 | 3.4 ± 0.4 |
Agraecia festae Griffini, 1896
Fig.
Agraecia festae is a very small (0.20 ± 0.04 g, n = 18), light green katydid with nearly translucent areas on the body and mouthparts that are red and yellow (Fig.
The call consists of a rapid series of pulses (Fig.
Pulses are arranged in pairs, and individual tooth strikes are visible on the oscillogram (Fig.
This appears to be the first description of the call of this species.
Call pulse parameters of Agraecia festae (3 individuals, 15 calls; mean ± SD); n = number of pulses measured.
Pulse Type (n) | Pulse Duration (ms) | Pulse Period (ms) | Peak Frequency (kHz) | Low Frequency (kHz) | High Frequency (kHz) | Bandwidth (kHz) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 (199) | 14.7 ± 1.1 | 129.7 ± 7.7 | 40.0 ± 0.7 | 33.0 ± 0.8 | 50.4 ± 1.9 | 17.3 ± 1.9 |
2 (199) | 22.3 ± 3.1 | 26.0 ± 2.8 | 39.8 ± 0.8 | 32.0 ± 0.5 | 51.1 ± 1.9 | 19.1 ± 1.8 |
Copiphora brevirostris Stål, 1873
Fig.
Copiphora brevirostris is a large (1.63 ± 0.31 g, n = 51), green katydid with a broad, flat, and yellow face and a powerful bite (Fig.
The call consists of 1–4 pulses (Fig.
Pulse durations are typically 6–9 ms (Table
Calls of this species were previously described by
Call pulse parameters of Copiphora brevirostris (8 individuals, 115 calls; mean ± SD); n = number of pulses measured.
Pulse Number (n) | Pulse Duration (ms) | Pulse Period (ms) | Peak Frequency (kHz) | Low Frequency (kHz) | High Frequency (kHz) | Bandwidth (kHz) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 (115) | 6.7 ± 1.7 | 32.9 ± 1.2 | 29.8 ± 1.7 | 34.7 ± 1.2 | 5.0 ± 2.3 | |
2 (113) | 8.4 ± 1.5 | 13.6 ± 1.9 | 32.7 ± 1.0 | 29.1 ± 1.5 | 34.2 ± 1.2 | 5.1 ± 1.8 |
3 (55) | 7.0 ± 1.4 | 16.0 ± 1.4 | 31.2 ± 1.2 | 26.6 ± 1.8 | 34.0 ± 2.4 | 7.4 ± 3.6 |
Eppia truncatipennis Stål, 1875
Fig.
Eppia truncatipennis is a large (1.18 ± 0.15 g, n = 2), mottled, brown katydid with abruptly truncated wings, a black face, and red mouthparts (Fig.
The call consists of a sequence of “chirps” (term used in
The chirps are all very similar in their temporal and spectral properties. Chirp durations are 114.4 ± 9.1 ms (3 individuals, 11 calls, 110 chirps). There is always an even number of pulses within a chirp, usually 10 or 12 (mean 11.4 ± 1.1). Pulse durations within a chirp range from ~7–14 ms. It is possible that sound is produced both during the wing opening and wing closing movements, resulting in pulses that vary in amplitude but have almost no silence between them (Fig.
The peak frequency of the chirps is 49.7 ± 2.5 kHz with a -20 dB frequency range spanning 37.5 ± 1.2–63.0 ± 8.3 kHz, giving a bandwidth of 25.5 ± 8.1 kHz (3 individuals, 11 calls, 110 chirps). There is also significant energy at 10–12 kHz, and, in some calls, this frequency range is the same or greater in amplitude than the typical peak frequency of ~50 kHz.
Calls of this species were previously described by
Erioloides longinoi Naskrecki & Cohn, 2000
Fig.
Erioloides longinoi is a small (0.36 ± 0.07 g, n = 8), cylindrical, green katydid with blue mouthparts, red and yellow markings on the ventral surface of the abdomen, and an agile bite (Fig.
The call consists of a rapid series of pulses (Fig.
The pulses in the call are all very similar in their temporal and spectral properties. Pulse durations are 4.4 ± 0.7 ms (3 individuals, 41 calls, 410 pulses) and pulse periods are 8.9 ± 0.5 ms. The peak frequency of the pulse is 30.2 ± 1.9 kHz with a -20 dB frequency range spanning 26.6 ± 2.9–38.2 ± 4.3 kHz, giving a bandwidth of 11.6 ± 7.2 kHz. Each pulse is frequency modulated, sweeping from ~32 to 28 kHz (Fig.
This appears to be the first description of the call of this species.
Photographs and calling song spectrograms of Erioloides longinoi. A. Male; B. Female hanging upside down from a plexiglass plate, showing coloration of abdomen and mandibles; C. and D. Spectrogram (top panel) and oscillogram (bottom panel) of one call (C) and 10 pulses from the same call (D). Photo credit: H. ter Hofstede.
Neoconocephalus affinis (Palisot de Beauvois, 1805)
Fig.
Neoconocephalus affinis is a mid-sized (0.76 ± 0.10 g, n = 4), cylindrical, green katydid with an elongated fastigium (Fig.
The call consists of a rapid series of pulses (Fig.
Pulses are arranged in pairs and individual tooth strikes are visible on the oscillogram (Fig.
Calls of this species were previously described by
Call pulse parameters of Neoconocephalus affinis (5 individuals, 25 calls; mean ± SD); n = number of pulses measured.
Pulse Type (n) | Pulse Duration (ms) | Pulse Period (ms) | Peak Frequency (kHz) | Low Frequency (kHz) | High Frequency (kHz) | Bandwidth (kHz) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 (125) | 20.7 ± 2.0 | 29.7 ± 2.5 | 14.6 ± 2.0 | 9.6 ± 0.4 | 29.3 ± 4.8 | 19.8 ± 4.5 |
2 (125) | 29.0 ± 2.8 | 42.2 ± 3.4 | 14.6 ± 2.1 | 9.6 ± 0.4 | 27.0 ± 3.5 | 17.3 ± 3.3 |
Subria sylvestris Naskrecki & Morris, 2000
Fig.
Subria sylvestris is a small to mid-sized (0.55 ± 0.09 g, n = 11) katydid with both green and brown morphs, slightly translucent exoskeleton, and black markings on the posterior edge of the pronotum (Fig.
The call consists of two pulses with a very consistent mean call duration of 125 ms (Table
The pulses are often equal in amplitude and individual tooth strikes are visible on the oscillogram (Fig.
Calls of this species were previously described by
Call pulse parameters of Subria sylvestris (3 individuals, 37 calls; mean ± SD); n = number of pulses measured.
Pulse number (n) | Pulse Duration (ms) | Pulse Period (ms) | Peak Frequency (kHz) | Low Frequency (kHz) | High Frequency (kHz) | Bandwidth (kHz) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 (37) | 32.2 ± 1.7 | 38.9 ± 1.7 | 24.2 ± 5.4 | 49.1 ± 0.9 | 24.9 ± 6.1 | |
2 (37) | 26.6 ± 1.5 | 98.4 ± 1.3 | 38.6 ± 1.9 | 24.2 ± 6.8 | 49.2 ± 1.0 | 25.0 ± 7.7 |
Vestria punctata (Redtenbacher, 1891)
Fig.
Vestria punctata is a mid-sized (0.66 g, n = 1), green katydid with very distinctive markings (Fig.
The call consists of two main pulses with what appear to be relatively high amplitude wing-opening sounds before each pulse (Fig.
The first pulse is much shorter and lower in amplitude than the second pulse (Table
Calls of this species were previously described by
Call pulse parameters of Vestria punctata (3 individuals, 23 calls; mean ± SD); WO = long wing-opening sound at start of each call; n = number of pulses measured.
Pulse Number (n) | Pulse Duration (ms) | Pulse Period (ms) | Peak Frequency (kHz) | Low Frequency (kHz) | High Frequency (kHz) | Bandwidth (kHz) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WO (23) | 11.0 ± 0.5 | 26.8 ± 2.6 | 21.4 ± 2.5 | 36.6 ± 3.6 | 15.1 ± 1.7 | |
1 (23) | 7.3 ± 0.4 | 15.6 ± 3.5 | 30.3 ± 1.5 | 23.7 ± 1.7 | 37.2 ± 1.6 | 13.5 ± 2.0 |
2 (22) | 14.0 ± 2.2 | 18.6 ± 1.3 | 29.6 ± 1.3 | 24.7 ± 2.2 | 36.9 ± 1.9 | 12.2 ± 3.3 |
Aegimia elongata Rehn, 1903
Fig.
Aegimia elongata is a mid-sized (no weight data available), leaf-mimicking, green katydid with rounded tegmina, an elongated horn-like projection on the top of the head, and hind legs that are laterally flattened (Fig.
Two call types can be produced by the same individual (two of the three recorded individuals produced both call types). There was no clear pattern for when the two call types would be produced; it appeared somewhat random whether the individual would produce call type 1 or 2. The spectral properties of the two call types are the same, with a peak frequency of ~10 kHz and a -20 dB range spanning ~7–20 kHz, giving a bandwidth of ~13 kHz (Table
Call type two starts with a long, low amplitude pulse, followed after ~400 ms of silence by a series of 5–9 very short pulses that increase in amplitude (Table
This appears to be the first description of the call of this species.
Photograph and calling song spectrograms of Aegimia elongata. A. Male with identification number written in ink; B. and C. Spectrogram (top panel) and oscillogram (bottom panel) of call type 1 at different time scales; D. and E. Spectrogram (top panel) and oscillogram (bottom panel) of call type 2 at different time scales. Photo credit: H. ter Hofstede.
Call pulse parameters of Aegimia elongata call type 1 (3 individuals, 36 calls; mean ± SD); n = number of pulses measured.
Pulse Number (n) | Pulse Duration (ms) | Pulse Period (ms) | Peak Frequency (kHz) | Low Frequency (kHz) | High Frequency (kHz) | Bandwidth (kHz) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 (36) | 35.4 ± 5.4 | 11.9 ± 0.9 | 7.7 ± 0.3 | 20.4 ± 0.7 | 12.7 ± 0.8 | |
2 (36) | 8.0 ± 0.4 | 57.6 ± 6.0 | 9.8 ± 0.2 | 7.7 ± 0.2 | 19.8 ± 0.3 | 12.2 ± 0.5 |
3 (36) | 3.8 ± 1.3 | 116.9 ± 3.0 | 10.6 ± 0.7 | 7.8 ± 0.4 | 16.0 ± 1.9 | 8.2 ± 1.5 |
4 (13) | 4.9 ± 1.2 | 50.0 ± 5.7 | 10.4 ± 0.6 | 7.7 ± 0.6 | 16.8 ± 0.8 | 9.0 ± 0.2 |
Call pulse parameters of Aegimia elongata call type 2 (2 individuals, 7 calls; mean ± SD); n = number of pulses measured. Only one individual produced calls with more than 6 pulses; thus, there is no SD for pulses 7–9.
Pulse Number (n) | Pulse Duration (ms) | Pulse Period (ms) | Peak Frequency (kHz) | Low Frequency (kHz) | High Frequency (kHz) | Bandwidth (kHz) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 (7) | 55.4 ± 6.9 | 10.2 ± 0.1 | 7.6 ± 0.5 | 20.1 ± 0.5 | 12.5 ± 1.0 | |
2 (7) | 3.1 ± 0.0 | 458.4 ± 139.6 | 10.0 ± 0.2 | 7.7 ± 0.5 | 19.0 ± 1.4 | 11.3 ± 1.9 |
3 (7) | 3.1 ± 1.2 | 51.5 ± 3.3 | 10.0 ± 0.2 | 7.7 ± 0.5 | 19.2 ± 0.4 | 11.5 ± 0.9 |
4 (7) | 4.2 ± 0.1 | 50.7 ± 1.3 | 10.0 ± 0.4 | 7.7 ± 0.5 | 19.3 ± 0.4 | 11.6 ± 0.2 |
5 (7) | 5.2 ± 0.5 | 51.9 ± 1.9 | 10.1 ± 0.1 | 7.9 ± 0.2 | 16.8 ± 3.1 | 8.9 ± 2.9 |
6 (7) | 5.2 ± 0.3 | 54.4 ± 1.9 | 10.2 ± 0.1 | 8.1 ± 0.2 | 18.9 ± 0.1 | 10.8 ± 0.1 |
7 (6) | 5.5 | 57.2 | 10.0 | 8.0 | 19.0 | 11.0 |
8 (6) | 6.0 | 61.2 | 10.0 | 7.8 | 19.2 | 11.4 |
9 (1) | 1.9 | 95.9 | 9.7 | 7.8 | 19.0 | 11.2 |
Aegimia maculifolia Dias, Rafael, & Naskrecki, 2012
Fig.
Aegimia maculifolia is a mid-size (0.63 ± 0.1 g, n = 16), leaf-mimicking, green katydid with rounded tegmina, an elongated horn-like projection on the top of the head, and hind legs that are laterally flattened (Fig.
The call consists of a series of 10–23 pulses (mean: 16) produced in groups (Fig.
The pulses are similar in spectral properties (Table
This appears to be the first description of the call of this species.
Photographs and calling song spectrograms of Aegimia maculifolia. A. Male (photo credit: T. Robillard); B. Male on female (photo credit: C. Kernan); C. and D. Spectrogram (top panel) and oscillogram (bottom panel) of one call (C) and two pulses from the same call (D). PGT# refers to pulse group type (see Table
Call pulse parameters of Aegimia maculifolia (5 individuals, 52 calls; mean ± SD); n = number of pulses measured. Values are given for the most common call type (pulses grouped as 4, 4, 3, 2, 2).
Pulse Group Type | Pulse Number (n) | Pulse Duration (ms) | Pulse Period (ms) | Peak Frequency (kHz) | Low Frequency (kHz) | High Frequency (kHz) | Bandwidth (kHz) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 (52) | 42.7 ± 3.0 | 16.1 ± 1.0 | 12.0 ± 0.4 | 21.6 ± 0.2 | 9.7 ± 0.4 | |
1 | 2 (52) | 35.8 ± 4.0 | 67.8 ± 3.5 | 16.4 ± 0.9 | 11.1 ± 0.5 | 21.9 ± 0.5 | 10.8 ± 0.9 |
1 | 3 (52) | 32.9 ± 2.0 | 61.0 ± 6.9 | 14.9 ± 0.7 | 9.5 ± 0.4 | 20.9 ± 0.8 | 11.4 ± 1.0 |
1 | 4 (48) | 26.7 ± 4.0 | 60.7 ± 2.2 | 13.8 ± 0.9 | 9.0 ± 0.6 | 20.1 ± 1.3 | 11.0 ± 1.1 |
1 | 5 (44) | 58.0 ± 4.5 | 74.3 ± 9.7 | 16.4 ± 1.2 | 12.3 ± 0.6 | 22.1 ± 0.4 | 9.9 ± 0.7 |
1 | 6 (44) | 35.9 ± 2.8 | 83.5 ± 6.6 | 16.8 ± 0.7 | 11.3 ± 1.2 | 22.0 ± 0.5 | 10.7 ± 1.7 |
1 | 7 (44) | 33.3 ± 2.2 | 59.9 ± 5.6 | 15.6 ± 1.1 | 9.7 ± 0.5 | 21.0 ± 0.7 | 11.3 ± 0.9 |
1 | 8 (44) | 25.1 ± 1.6 | 62.3 ± 2.1 | 13.9 ± 0.4 | 9.3 ± 0.3 | 20.1 ± 1.4 | 10.8 ± 1.4 |
2 | 9 (49) | 63.0 ± 5.1 | 75.8 ± 3.1 | 17.4 ± 1.7 | 12.1 ± 1.2 | 22.2 ± 0.3 | 10.1 ± 1.4 |
2 | 10 (49) | 35.2 ± 2.5 | 89.2 ± 8.4 | 18.2 ± 0.7 | 12.3 ± 0.9 | 22.1 ± 0.4 | 9.8 ± 1.1 |
2 | 11 (49) | 32.4 ± 3.3 | 61.3 ± 2.7 | 15.7 ± 1.3 | 9.9 ± 0.5 | 21.4 ± 0.4 | 11.5 ± 0.6 |
3 | 12 (52) | 65.4 ± 5.1 | 131.9 ± 8.6 | 17.4 ± 1.7 | 11.9 ± 1.3 | 22.2 ± 0.4 | 10.4 ± 1.6 |
3 | 13 (52) | 37.2 ± 2.4 | 92.9 ± 7.5 | 18.2 ± 0.7 | 12.5 ± 1.0 | 22.1 ± 0.5 | 9.6 ± 1.3 |
3 | 14 (50) | 65.5 ± 6.3 | 189.2 ±11.2 | 17.5 ± 1.0 | 12.0 ± 1.0 | 22.1 ± 0.4 | 10.1 ± 1.3 |
3 | 15 (50) | 34.3 ± 3.7 | 95.2 ± 8.6 | 17.5 ± 1.0 | 12.4 ± 1.0 | 22.0 ± 0.4 | 9.6 ± 1.2 |
Anapolisia colossea (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878)
Fig.
Anapolisia colossea is a mid-size (0.91 ± 0.08 g, n = 112), green katydid with yellowish mouthparts and vertical bands on the broad wings that alternate between dark green and translucent with green specks (Fig.
The call consists of a series of 3–10 (mean: 5.6) short, broadband pulses (Fig.
The pulses in the call are all very similar in their temporal and spectral properties (Table
The calls of this species were previously described by
Call pulse parameters of Anapolisia colossea (9 individuals, 116 calls; mean ± SD); n = number of pulses measured.
Pulse Number (n) | Pulse Duration (ms) | Pulse Period (ms) | Peak Frequency (kHz) | Low Frequency (kHz) | High Frequency (kHz) | Bandwidth (kHz) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 (116) | 13.4 ± 1.4 | 19.7 ± 0.7 | 9.6 ± 0.7 | 26.3 ± 1.0 | 16.7 ± 0.8 | |
2 (116) | 11.6 ± 1.4 | 376.0 ± 11.7 | 19.8 ± 0.6 | 9.8 ± 0.9 | 26.4 ± 1.0 | 16.6 ± 1.2 |
3 (116) | 11.3 ± 1.5 | 394.0 ± 18.7 | 19.8 ± 0.7 | 9.7 ± 0.8 | 26.4 ± 1.1 | 16.7 ± 1.1 |
4 (112) | 11.6 ± 1.5 | 423.5 ± 19.5 | 19.8 ± 0.6 | 9.6 ± 0.7 | 26.5 ± 1.0 | 16.9 ± 1.1 |
5 (84) | 11.3 ± 1.9 | 435.7 ± 25.1 | 19.9 ± 0.5 | 9.8 ± 0.9 | 26.3 ± 1.0 | 16.6 ± 1.3 |
6 (59) | 11.0 ± 2.1 | 460.9 ± 23.3 | 19.8 ± 0.5 | 9.6 ± 1.0 | 26.3 ± 1.1 | 16.6 ± 1.8 |
7 (35) | 11.7 ± 2.1 | 516.1 ± 69.6 | 19.8 ± 1.2 | 9.8 ± 1.5 | 26.6 ± 1.3 | 16.7 ± 2.5 |
8 (10) | 12.1 ± 1.1 | 465.9 ± 96.6 | 19.4 ± 0.7 | 9.8 ± 1.7 | 26.8 ± 1.4 | 17.0 ± 3.0 |
9 (3) | 13.5 ± 1.1 | 519.2 ± 15.4 | 20.1 ± 0.5 | 9.2 ± 0.0 | 27.4 ± 0.5 | 18.2 ± 0.5 |
Anaulacomera furcata Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
Fig.
Anaulacomera furcata is a very small (0.14 ± 0.04 g, n = 43), green katydid with narrow wings, a solid green face, three black spots on the posterior edge of the pronotum, light yellow stripes along the dorsal margins of the pronotum, and male cerci that are forked, having two branches at the end (Fig.
The call consists of two short pulses of equal amplitude produced ~20 ms apart (Table
This appears to be the first description of the call of this species.
Call pulse parameters of Anaulacomera furcata (3 individuals, 53 calls; mean ± SD); n = number of pulses measured.
Pulse number (n) | Pulse Duration (ms) | Pulse Period (ms) | Peak Frequency (kHz) | Low Frequency (kHz) | High Frequency (kHz) | Bandwidth (kHz) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 (53) | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 29.2 ± 1.1 | 24.8 ± 1.1 | 35.0 ± 0.7 | 10.2 ± 1.3 | |
2 (53) | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 20.2 ± 1.5 | 29.8 ± 0.7 | 25.0 ± 0.7 | 35.8 ± 0.3 | 10.8 ± 0.7 |
Anaulacomera “goat”
Fig.
Anaulacomera “goat” is a very small (0.16 ± 0.02 g, n = 12), green katydid with narrow wings, a dark line through the eye, and a dark brown stridulatory area in males (Fig.
The call consists of a single pulse with a duration ~2 ms (Table
Anaulacomera “ricotta”
Fig.
Anaulacomera “ricotta” is a very small (0.12 ± 0.02 g, n = 7), green katydid with narrow wings, a white and green mottled body, and male cerci that are forked, having two branches at the end, one of which ends in a spiral coil (Fig.
The call consists of two short pulses of equal amplitude produced ~60 ms apart (Table
Call pulse parameters of Anaulacomera “ricotta” (3 individuals, 16 calls; mean ± SD); n = number of pulses measured.
Pulse Number (n) | Pulse Duration (ms) | Pulse Period (ms) | Peak Frequency (kHz) | Low Frequency (kHz) | High Frequency (kHz) | Bandwidth (kHz) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 (16) | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 33.2 ± 2.5 | 29.5 ± 2.1 | 38.0 ± 0.2 | 8.4 ± 1.9 | |
2 (16) | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 58.0 ± 1.9 | 33.9 ± 1.5 | 30.1 ± 1.6 | 38.0 ± 0.1 | 7.9 ± 1.6 |
Anaulacomera spatulata Hebard, 1927
Fig.
Anaulacomera spatulata is a small (0.30 ± 0.08 g, n = 129), green katydid with very narrow wings. Males have a dark brown stridulatory area and spatulate cerci (Fig.
The call consists of two short pulses of equal amplitude produced ~40 ms apart (Table
This appears to be the first description of the call of this species.
Call pulse parameters of Anaulacomera spatulata (3 individuals, 59 calls; mean ± SD); n = number of pulses measured.
Pulse number (n) | Pulse Duration (ms) | Pulse Period (ms) | Peak Frequency (kHz) | Low Frequency (kHz) | High Frequency (kHz) | Bandwidth (kHz) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 (59) | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 24.6 ± 3.2 | 22.2 ± 3.3 | 29.3 ± 2.5 | 7.1 ± 1.3 | |
2 (59) | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 41.4 ± 2.3 | 24.3 ± 3.7 | 22.0 ± 3.3 | 29.3 ± 2.0 | 7.3 ± 1.4 |
Anaulacomera “wallace”
Fig.
Anaulacomera “wallace” is a very small (0.22 ± 0.05 g, n = 28), green katydid with narrow wings, a green and white mottled face, eyes that are half green and half white, and highly reduced cerci in males (Fig.
The call consists of three short pulses of equal amplitude produced ~16 ms apart (Table
Call pulse parameters of Anaulacomera “wallace” (4 individuals, 19 calls; mean ± SD); n = number of pulses measured.
Pulse number (n) | Pulse Duration (ms) | Pulse Period (ms) | Peak Frequency (kHz) | Low Frequency (kHz) | High Frequency (kHz) | Bandwidth (kHz) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 (19) | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 25.3 ± 1.7 | 21.4 ± 0.7 | 29.1 ± 2.6 | 7.7 ± 3.1 | |
2 (19) | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 16.5 ± 0.7 | 25.0 ± 0.6 | 21.5 ± 1.3 | 29.7 ± 3.4 | 8.2 ± 4.3 |
3 (18) | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 16.2 ± 1.1 | 25.1 ± 0.9 | 21.7 ± 1.2 | 29.9 ± 3.4 | 8.2 ± 4.2 |
Arota festae (Griffini, 1896)
Fig.
Arota festae is a mid-sized (0.98 ± 0.15 g, n = 34), light green katydid with broad, rounded tegmina that cover nearly all of the hindwings (<3 mm visible beyond the apex of the tegmina) (Fig.
The call consists of a series of 7–10 (mean: 8) short pulses (Fig.
Pulse durations are short and increase slightly in duration over the call, whereas pulse period stays constant across the call (Table
The calls of this species were previously described by
Call pulse parameters of Arota festae (10 individuals, 83 calls; mean ± SD); n = number of pulses measured.
Pulse Number (n) | Pulse Duration (ms) | Pulse Period (ms) | Peak Frequency (kHz) | Low Frequency (kHz) | High Frequency (kHz) | Bandwidth (kHz) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 (83) | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 8.7 ± 0.3 | 6.7 ± 0.6 | 15.8 ± 2.2 | 9.1 ± 2.3 | |
2 (83) | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 3.0 ± 0.5 | 8.8 ± 0.2 | 7.3 ± 0.4 | 14.3 ± 2.2 | 7.0 ± 2.4 |
3 (83) | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 2.7 ± 0.4 | 9.2 ± 0.3 | 7.7 ± 0.2 | 13.2 ± 2.2 | 5.5 ± 2.3 |
4 (83) | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 2.7 ± 0.4 | 9.7 ± 0.4 | 8.0 ± 0.3 | 13.7 ± 2.1 | 5.7 ± 2.0 |
5 (83) | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 2.7 ± 0.5 | 10.6 ± 0.5 | 8.4 ± 0.3 | 15.0 ± 2.2 | 6.6 ± 2.1 |
6 (83) | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 2.8 ± 0.4 | 11.9 ± 1.0 | 9.1 ± 0.6 | 17.1 ± 2.4 | 8.0 ± 2.4 |
7 (83) | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 2.9 ± 0.3 | 13.5 ± 0.8 | 10.4 ± 1.3 | 17.9 ± 1.5 | 7.5 ± 2.0 |
8 (62) | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 2.9 ± 0.3 | 14.4 ± 0.9 | 10.9 ± 1.0 | 19.3 ± 2.7 | 8.4 ± 2.5 |
9 (26) | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 2.8 ± 0.5 | 14.3 ± 0.8 | 11.4 ± 0.4 | 18.1 ± 1.2 | 6.7 ± 1.0 |
Arota panamae (Hebard, 1927)
Fig.
Arota panamae is a mid-sized (0.57 ± 0.11 g, n = 68), light green katydid with broad wings and hindwings that extend >3 mm beyond the apex of the tegmina (Fig.
The call consists of a series of 3–6 (mean: 5) short pulses (Fig.
Pulse durations are short and increase over the call, whereas pulse period stays constant (Table
The calls of this species were previously described by
Call pulse parameters of Arota panamae (10 individuals, 156 calls; mean ± SD); n = number of pulses measured.
Pulse Number (n) | Pulse Duration (ms) | Pulse Period (ms) | Peak Frequency (kHz) | Low Frequency (kHz) | High Frequency (kHz) | Bandwidth (kHz) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 (156) | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 12.1 ± 1.4 | 7.5 ± 0.9 | 25.2 ± 4.1 | 17.8 ± 4.0 | |
2 (156) | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 3.3 ± 0.8 | 14.3 ± 2.5 | 9.7 ± 1.7 | 26.9 ± 3.3 | 17.1 ± 3.1 |
3 (156) | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 3.6 ± 0.5 | 18.2 ± 3.0 | 13.2 ± 2.7 | 28.9 ± 3.5 | 15.7 ± 3.4 |
4 (151) | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 3.6 ± 0.4 | 23.2 ± 3.2 | 16.3 ± 3.0 | 31.6 ± 2.5 | 15.3 ± 3.2 |
5 (118) | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 3.6 ± 0.5 | 26.8 ± 1.7 | 20.2 ± 3.4 | 34.7 ± 3.5 | 14.4 ± 5.1 |
6 (48) | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 3.3 ± 0.3 | 27.9 ± 1.0 | 23.0 ± 1.5 | 34.7 ± 3.6 | 11.7 ± 4.7 |
Ceraia mytra Grant, 1964
Fig.
Ceraia mytra is a large (1.30 ± 0.28 g, n = 31), green katydid with narrow wings, reddish cerci, and reddish-purple hindlegs (Fig.
The call consists of a series of 6–13 (mean: 10) short pulses (Fig.
The pulses in the call are all very similar in their temporal and spectral properties (Table
The calls of this species were previously described by
Call pulse parameters of Ceraia mytra (9 individuals, 71 calls; mean ± SD); n = number of pulses measured.
Pulse Number (n) | Pulse Duration (ms) | Pulse Period (ms) | Peak Frequency (kHz) | Low Frequency (kHz) | High Frequency (kHz) | Bandwidth (kHz) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 (71) | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 12.0 ± 1.1 | 7.9 ± 0.9 | 17.4 ± 1.7 | 9.5 ± 2.2 | |
2 (71) | 1.6 ± 0.6 | 7.9 ± 1.2 | 11.9 ± 1.0 | 8.0 ± 1.1 | 17.7 ± 1.9 | 9.7 ± 2.5 |
3 (71) | 1.7 ± 0.3 | 7.6 ± 0.6 | 11.6 ± 0.9 | 7.8 ± 1.0 | 17.4 ± 1.4 | 9.6 ± 1.7 |
4 (71) | 1.5 ± 0.3 | 8.0 ± 0.7 | 11.3 ± 0.7 | 7.7 ± 0.7 | 16.9 ± 1.3 | 9.2 ± 1.7 |
5 (71) | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 8.0 ± 0.5 | 11.1 ± 0.9 | 8.0 ± 0.7 | 16.1 ± 1.4 | 8.1 ± 1.7 |
6 (71) | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 8.0 ± 0.5 | 11.1 ± 0.8 | 7.6 ± 0.6 | 16.5 ± 1.7 | 8.9 ± 1.6 |
7 (68) | 1.6 ± 0.6 | 8.1 ± 0.5 | 10.9 ± 0.7 | 7.8 ± 0.8 | 17.1 ± 2.3 | 9.3 ± 2.8 |
8 (63) | 1.6 ± 0.4 | 8.4 ± 0.6 | 10.3 ± 1.0 | 7.5 ± 0.7 | 16.8 ± 1.5 | 9.3 ± 2.0 |
9 (48) | 1.8 ± 0.6 | 8.5 ± 0.8 | 9.8 ± 0.8 | 7.1 ± 0.6 | 15.3 ± 2.3 | 8.2 ± 2.8 |
10 (16) | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 8.3 ± 0.3 | 9.2 ± 0.8 | 6.7 ± 0.4 | 14.6 ± 1.2 | 7.9 ± 1.6 |
Chloroscirtus discocercus Rehn, 1918
Fig.
Chloroscirtus discocercus is a mid-sized (0.59 ± 0.22 g, n = 79), green katydid with narrow wings, sometimes with light yellow stripes along the dorsal margins of the pronotum (Fig.
The call consists of a series of 4–8 (mean: 6) short pulses (Fig.
The first pulse in the call is longer in duration than the other pulses, which are similar in duration (Table
The calls of this species were previously described by
Call pulse parameters of Chloroscirtus discocercus (12 individuals, 157 calls; mean ± SD); n = number of pulses measured.
Pulse Number (n) | Pulse Duration (ms) | Pulse Period (ms) | Peak Frequency (kHz) | Low Frequency (kHz) | High Frequency (kHz) | Bandwidth (kHz) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 (157) | 13.7 ± 2.5 | 17.0 ± 2.7 | 10.0 ± 1.2 | 26.9 ± 2.5 | 16.9 ± 2.8 | |
2 (157) | 8.7 ± 2.2 | 30.0 ± 3.1 | 18.8 ± 2.5 | 12.2 ± 2.0 | 26.1 ± 3.5 | 13.9 ± 4.4 |
3 (157) | 7.4 ± 2.1 | 24.2 ± 1.3 | 18.5 ± 2.8 | 13.0 ± 2.4 | 25.5 ± 3.1 | 12.4 ± 4.5 |
4 (157) | 7.1 ± 1.8 | 22.7 ± 1.0 | 19.1 ± 2.3 | 13.1 ± 2.2 | 24.8 ± 3.1 | 11.7 ± 4.3 |
5 (156) | 7.3 ± 1.7 | 22.1 ± 1.1 | 19.0 ± 2.2 | 13.1 ± 2.1 | 24.5 ± 2.5 | 11.4 ± 3.8 |
6 (148) | 7.9 ± 1.3 | 22.3 ± 1.6 | 19.2 ± 2.4 | 12.7 ± 1.5 | 25.5 ± 2.6 | 12.8 ± 3.6 |
7 (60) | 7.6 ± 1.4 | 23.3 ± 1.3 | 18.5 ± 2.2 | 12.2 ± 1.5 | 25.4 ± 2.1 | 13.1 ± 3.3 |
Dolichocercus latipennis (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891)
Fig.
Dolichocercus latipennis is a very small (0.21 ± 0.03 g, n = 40) and mostly brown katydid with hind wings that extend significantly beyond the tips of the sharply-angled and narrow tegmina, reminiscent of a wind-dispersed seed (Fig.
The call consists of a series of 14–17 (mean: 16) short pulses (Fig.
The pulses increase in duration across the call (Table
This appears to be the first description of the call of this species.
Call pulse parameters of Dolichocercus latipennis (3 individuals, 19 calls; mean ± SD); n = number of pulses measured.
Pulse Number (n) | Pulse Duration (ms) | Pulse Period (ms) | Peak Frequency (kHz) | Low Frequency (kHz) | High Frequency (kHz) | Bandwidth (kHz) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 (19) | 1.0 ± 0.5 | 27.1 ± 2.2 | 23.2 ± 0.9 | 32.0 ± 2.1 | 8.8 ± 1.4 | |
2 (19) | 1.0 ± 0.4 | 22.5 ± 0.9 | 26.5 ± 1.8 | 23.1 ± 1.3 | 32.0 ± 1.4 | 8.9 ± 1.7 |
3 (19) | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 22.9 ± 1.2 | 26.1 ± 1.1 | 22.9 ± 0.7 | 31.3 ± 1.2 | 8.4 ± 1.0 |
4 (19) | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 23.2 ± 1.2 | 26.0 ± 0.9 | 23.0 ± 0.9 | 31.1 ± 0.9 | 8.1 ± 0.8 |
5 (19) | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 23.2 ± 0.9 | 26.1 ± 0.8 | 22.8 ± 0.8 | 31.1 ± 1.1 | 8.3 ± 0.6 |
6 (19) | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 23.0 ± 1.1 | 26.0 ± 0.6 | 22.6 ± 0.6 | 31.1 ± 0.9 | 8.5 ± 0.6 |
7 (19) | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 23.1 ± 1.0 | 25.9 ± 0.4 | 22.9 ± 0.7 | 30.9 ± 0.7 | 8.0 ± 0.5 |
8 (19) | 1.5 ± 0.3 | 22.9 ± 0.8 | 26.1 ± 0.6 | 22.9 ± 0.5 | 30.8 ± 1.1 | 7.9 ± 1.2 |
9 (19) | 1.6 ± 0.2 | 22.8 ± 1.0 | 26.0 ± 0.6 | 22.6 ± 0.4 | 30.4 ± 1.1 | 7.8 ± 1.3 |
10 (19) | 1.8 ± 0.5 | 22.8 ± 0.7 | 26.0 ± 0.6 | 22.4 ± 0.4 | 30.6 ± 1.3 | 8.2 ± 1.5 |
11 (19) | 1.9 ± 0.5 | 22.8 ± 0.7 | 25.9 ± 0.6 | 22.3 ± 0.4 | 30.7 ± 1.5 | 8.4 ± 1.5 |
12 (19) | 2.2 ± 0.8 | 22.5 ± 1.0 | 26.1 ± 1.0 | 22.1 ± 0.2 | 30.8 ± 1.9 | 8.7 ± 1.9 |
13 (19) | 2.3 ± 0.8 | 21.8 ± 1.5 | 25.9 ± 0.9 | 21.6 ± 0.1 | 30.8 ± 1.8 | 9.1 ± 1.8 |
14 (19) | 2.4 ± 0.8 | 21.3 ± 1.7 | 25.5 ± 0.8 | 21.4 ± 0.0 | 30.9 ± 2.3 | 9.5 ± 2.3 |
15 (16) | 2.6 ± 1.0 | 19.9 ± 2.0 | 25.0 ± 0.4 | 21.0 ± 0.2 | 31.5 ± 2.2 | 10.5 ± 2.4 |
16 (13) | 3.1 ± 0.3 | 17.9 ± 0.6 | 23.8 ± 1.0 | 19.1 ± 0.3 | 33.2 ± 2.9 | 14.0 ± 2.9 |
Ectemna dumicola Saussure & Pictet, 1897
Fig.
Ectemna dumicola is a mid-sized (0.66 ± 0.11 g, n = 10), green katydid with narrow wings and a thin white and purple stripe running from the eyes, across the lateral surface of the pronotum, and continuing on the leading edge of the tegmen (Fig.
The call consists of a series of 3–14 (mean: 10) short pulses (Fig.
The pulses increase slightly in duration from across the call (Table
This appears to be the first description of the call of this species.
Photographs and calling song spectrograms of Ectemna dumicola. A. Male (photo credit: L. Symes); B. Female (photo credit: H. ter Hofstede); C. and D. Spectrogram (top) and oscillogram (bottom) of one call with 11 pulses at different time scales; E. and F. Spectrogram (top) and oscillogram (bottom) of one call with three pulses at different time scales.
Call pulse parameters of Ectemna dumicola (5 individuals, 83 calls; mean ± SD); n = number of pulses measured.
Pulse Number (n) | Pulse Duration (ms) | Pulse Period (ms) | Peak Frequency (kHz) | Low Frequency (kHz) | High Frequency (kHz) | Bandwidth (kHz) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 (83) | 5.5 ± 0.6 | 14.0 ± 1.4 | 10.0 ± 0.8 | 24.9 ± 2.2 | 14.9 ± 2.3 | |
2 (83) | 6.2 ± 0.7 | 60.0 ± 3.7 | 14.7 ± 1.8 | 10.3 ± 1.1 | 24.8 ± 3.5 | 14.4 ± 3.7 |
3 (83) | 6.2 ± 0.8 | 56.1 ± 2.3 | 14.8 ± 1.9 | 10.4 ± 1.0 | 24.9 ± 3.4 | 14.5 ± 3.6 |
4 (81) | 5.9 ± 0.8 | 57.4 ± 1.6 | 14.9 ± 2.0 | 10.4 ± 1.0 | 24.8 ± 3.3 | 14.4 ± 3.5 |
5 (81) | 6.0 ± 0.9 | 56.5 ± 3.1 | 15.0 ± 2.4 | 10.4 ± 0.9 | 24.7 ± 3.2 | 14.3 ± 3.4 |
6 (81) | 6.4 ± 1.2 | 54.6 ± 3.7 | 15.3 ± 2.5 | 10.5 ± 0.8 | 25.6 ± 1.7 | 15.2 ± 1.6 |
7 (80) | 6.8 ± 1.5 | 52.9 ± 4.6 | 15.2 ± 2.3 | 10.4 ± 0.8 | 26.0 ± 1.6 | 15.6 ± 1.4 |
8 (70) | 6.9 ± 1.3 | 48.5 ± 4.4 | 15.3 ± 2.5 | 10.3 ± 0.7 | 26.0 ± 1.4 | 15.7 ± 1.4 |
9 (58) | 7.4 ± 0.9 | 41.8 ± 4.3 | 15.9 ± 2.6 | 10.3 ± 0.8 | 26.0 ± 1.2 | 15.7 ± 1.3 |
10 (53) | 7.0 ± 1.0 | 39.2 ± 3.6 | 15.9 ± 2.9 | 10.2 ± 0.9 | 25.7 ± 1.1 | 15.4 ± 1.5 |
11 (27) | 7.0 ± 0.9 | 38.4 ± 2.2 | 15.7 ± 2.9 | 10.3 ± 1.0 | 24.6 ± 1.5 | 14.3 ± 2.1 |
12 (12) | 6.9 ± 1.3 | 38.4 ± 1.7 | 14.1 ± 0.2 | 10.7 ± 0.6 | 23.5 ± 4.3 | 12.9 ± 4.9 |
Euceraia atryx Grant, 1964
Fig.
Euceraia atryx is a mid-sized (0.67 ± 0.15 g, n = 56), green katydid with narrow wings, orange tarsi, and a pronotum that is yellow on the sides and brown on the dorsal surface (Fig.
The call consists of a series of 11–17 (mean: 14) short pulses (Fig.
Pulse durations are short, and both pulse durations and pulse periods are consistent across the duration of the call (Table
This appears to be the first description of the call of this species.
Call pulse parameters of Euceraia atryx (3 individuals, 14 calls; mean ± SD); n = number of pulses measured.
Pulse Number (n) | Pulse Duration (ms) | Pulse Period (ms) | Peak Frequency (kHz) | Low Frequency (kHz) | High Frequency (kHz) | Bandwidth (kHz) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 (14) | 2.2 ± 0.5 | 12.8 ± 1.4 | 11.1 ± 0.9 | 15.6 ± 1.9 | 4.5 ± 1.0 | |
2 (14) | 2.7 ± 0.2 | 91.0 ± 19.1 | 13.1 ± 1.2 | 11.1 ± 1.0 | 15.3 ± 1.4 | 4.2 ± 1.0 |
3 (14) | 3.1 ± 0.3 | 88.1 ± 17.8 | 13.1 ± 1.2 | 11.1 ± 1.1 | 15.2 ± 1.3 | 4.1 ± 0.8 |
4 (14) | 3.2 ± 0.1 | 88.3 ± 17.7 | 13.1 ± 1.3 | 11.1 ± 1.3 | 15.2 ± 0.7 | 4.1 ± 0.6 |
5 (14) | 3.1 ± 0.2 | 87.0 ± 18.0 | 13.0 ± 1.1 | 11.3 ± 1.1 | 15.1 ± 0.7 | 3.8 ± 0.5 |
6 (14) | 2.9 ± 0.3 | 85.3 ± 17.1 | 13.1 ± 1.2 | 11.4 ± 1.0 | 15.3 ± 0.8 | 3.9 ± 0.5 |
7 (14) | 2.6 ± 0.3 | 84.3 ± 17.4 | 13.2 ± 1.3 | 11.3 ± 1.1 | 15.1 ± 1.2 | 3.8 ± 0.1 |
8 (14) | 2.3 ± 0.6 | 87.5 ± 16.2 | 13.3 ± 1.1 | 11.3 ± 0.9 | 15.5 ± 1.4 | 4.2 ± 0.8 |
9 (14) | 2.5 ± 0.5 | 83.1 ± 16.9 | 13.4 ± 1.2 | 11.6 ± 1.5 | 15.2 ± 0.9 | 3.6 ± 0.6 |
10 (14) | 2.4 ± 0.6 | 81.8 ± 17.6 | 13.3 ± 1.3 | 11.7 ± 1.4 | 15.4 ± 0.9 | 3.7 ± 0.7 |
11 (14) | 2.4 ± 0.8 | 82.5 ± 17.3 | 13.3 ± 1.4 | 11.6 ± 1.5 | 15.4 ± 1.0 | 3.8 ± 0.9 |
12 (11) | 2.2 ± 0.7 | 83.0 ± 17.0 | 13.4 ± 1.2 | 11.7 ± 1.5 | 15.1 ± 0.9 | 3.4 ± 0.8 |
13 (8) | 2.4 ± 0.8 | 90.4 ± 15.9 | 13.0 ± 1.6 | 11.4 ± 1.4 | 14.8 ± 1.5 | 3.4 ± 0.0 |
14 (6) | 2.7 ± 0.5 | 95.8 ± 10.0 | 12.8 ± 1.2 | 10.9 ± 1.0 | 14.5 ± 0.8 | 3.6 ± 0.3 |
Euceraia insignis Hebard, 1927
Fig.
Euceraia insignis is a mid-sized (0.58 ± 0.08 g, n = 37) katydid with narrow wings, a neon green pronotum, orange tarsi, and hind femurs that are green at the proximal end and black at the distal end (Fig.
The call consists of a series of 12–18 (mean: 16) short pulses (Fig.
The first two pulses are shorter than the rest of the pulses in the call, and the pulse period decreases slightly over the call (Table
This appears to be the first description of the call of this species.
Call pulse parameters of Euceraia insignis (3 individuals, 21 calls; mean ± SD); n = number of pulses measured.
Pulse Number (n) | Pulse Duration (ms) | Pulse Period (ms) | Peak Frequency (kHz) | Low Frequency (kHz) | High Frequency (kHz) | Bandwidth (kHz) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 (21) | 1.5 ± 0.2 | 12.1 ± 0.5 | 10.3 ± 0.9 | 14.5 ± 0.3 | 4.3 ± 0.7 | |
2 (21) | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 110.8 ± 3.2 | 12.5 ± 0.1 | 11.2 ± 0.1 | 14.3 ± 0.2 | 3.1 ± 0.2 |
3 (21) | 2.0 ± 0.3 | 108.0 ± 4.3 | 12.8 ± 0.3 | 11.4 ± 0.5 | 14.6 ± 0.5 | 3.1 ± 0.3 |
4 (21) | 2.7 ± 0.4 | 108.4 ± 3.7 | 12.8 ± 0.3 | 10.9 ± 0.3 | 14.6 ± 0.5 | 3.7 ± 0.7 |
5 (21) | 3.2 ± 0.6 | 106.7 ± 4.0 | 12.7 ± 0.5 | 10.7 ± 0.5 | 14.5 ± 0.7 | 3.8 ± 1.2 |
6 (21) | 3.3 ± 0.4 | 105.6 ± 5.2 | 12.7 ± 0.6 | 10.6 ± 0.2 | 14.4 ± 0.7 | 3.9 ± 0.8 |
7 (21) | 3.1 ± 0.3 | 104.9 ± 5.6 | 12.8 ± 0.5 | 10.6 ± 0.6 | 14.4 ± 0.7 | 3.8 ± 1.2 |
8 (21) | 3.0 ± 0.1 | 104.3 ± 6.3 | 12.8 ± 0.5 | 10.3 ± 0.4 | 14.6 ± 0.9 | 4.3 ± 1.2 |
9 (21) | 3.1 ± 0.4 | 103.6 ± 6.2 | 12.6 ± 0.5 | 10.3 ± 0.3 | 14.5 ± 0.8 | 4.2 ± 1.1 |
10 (21) | 3.0 ± 0.2 | 104.0 ± 7.3 | 12.8 ± 0.5 | 10.5 ± 0.2 | 14.5 ± 0.8 | 4.0 ± 0.9 |
11 (21) | 3.1 ± 0.2 | 102.8 ± 6.3 | 12.5 ± 0.9 | 10.5 ± 0.3 | 14.5 ± 0.7 | 4.0 ± 1.0 |
12 (21) | 3.1 ± 0.4 | 103.5 ± 7.3 | 12.7 ± 0.7 | 10.5 ± 0.2 | 14.5 ± 0.8 | 4.0 ± 1.0 |
13 (20) | 3.3 ± 0.5 | 103.5 ± 7.0 | 12.7 ± 0.7 | 10.4 ± 0.3 | 14.4 ± 0.7 | 4.0 ± 1.0 |
14 (19) | 2.9 ± 0.1 | 102.4 ± 6.1 | 12.5 ± 0.8 | 10.4 ± 0.3 | 14.6 ± 0.8 | 4.2 ± 1.1 |
15 (17) | 3.0 ± 0.1 | 103.5 ± 7.3 | 12.7 ± 0.6 | 10.6 ± 0.1 | 14.5 ± 0.8 | 3.9 ± 0.9 |
16 (11) | 2.8 ± 0.2 | 102.6 ± 6.8 | 12.7 ± 0.6 | 10.7 ± 0.0 | 14.5 ± 0.8 | 3.8 ± 0.7 |
Hetaira sp.
Fig.
Hetaira is a very small (0.15 ± 0.02 g, n = 6) katydid with green and brown coloration, white tarsi, and a solid green dorsal surface of the pronotum (Fig.
The call consists of a series of three pulses (Fig.
Pulse durations increase slightly across the call, whereas pulse periods are similar to each other (Table
This appears to be the first description of the call of this species.
Call pulse parameters of Hetaira sp. (3 individuals, 13 calls; mean ± SD); n = number of pulses measured.
Pulse Number (n) | Pulse Duration (ms) | Pulse Period (ms) | Peak Frequency (kHz) | Low Frequency (kHz) | High Frequency (kHz) | Bandwidth (kHz) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 (13) | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 24.8 ± 0.8 | 22.0 ± 1.4 | 28.6 ± 1.3 | 6.6 ± 2.4 | |
2 (13) | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 17.2 ± 1.5 | 25.0 ± 1.2 | 22.4 ± 1.3 | 28.0 ± 2.1 | 5.6 ± 0.8 |
3 (13) | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 17.5 ± 1.5 | 25.0 ± 1.2 | 22.3 ± 1.7 | 29.0 ± 1.7 | 6.6 ± 0.3 |
Hyperphrona irregularis Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891
Fig.
Hyperphrona irregularis is a mid-sized (0.98 ± 0.29 g, n = 25), green katydid with highly conspicuous blue and black banding on the dorsal surface of the abdomen and three small, dark spots on the broad tegmina (Fig.
The call consists of a single pulse with a duration ~9 ms (Table
This appears to be the first description of the call of this species.
Photographs and calling song spectrograms of Hyperphrona irregularis. A. Male, inset showing blue stripes on dorsal surface of abdomen (photo credit: H. ter Hofstede); B. Female (photo credit: C. Wilson); C. and D. Spectrogram (top panel) and oscillogram (bottom panel) of one call at different time scales.
Lamprophyllum bugabae Hebard, 1927
Fig.
Lamprophyllum bugabae is a large (1.61 ± 0.28 g, n = 101), green katydid with broad wings and a black and yellow line on the leading edge of the tegmen (Fig.
The call consists of a series of 3–8 (mean: 7) long pulses (Fig.
Pulse durations usually increase and then decrease across the call, whereas pulse periods are similar in duration (Table
The calls of this species were previously described by
Call pulse parameters of Lamprophyllum bugabae (14 individuals, 207 calls; mean ± SD); n = number of pulses measured.
Pulse Number (n) | Pulse Duration (ms) | Pulse Period (ms) | Peak Frequency (kHz) | Low Frequency (kHz) | High Frequency (kHz) | Bandwidth (kHz) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 (207) | 60.5 ± 9.4 | 10.0 ± 0.5 | 6.5 ± 0.2 | 17.9 ± 1.8 | 11.4 ± 1.9 | |
2 (207) | 72.7 ± 7.6 | 82.6 ± 9.3 | 9.8 ± 0.6 | 6.8 ± 0.2 | 18.4 ± 1.5 | 11.6 ± 1.6 |
3 (207) | 74.8 ± 7.2 | 94.3 ± 8.1 | 9.9 ± 0.6 | 7.1 ± 0.2 | 19.0 ± 1.1 | 11.9 ± 1.1 |
4 (206) | 73.4 ± 7.1 | 96.3 ± 7.5 | 9.9 ± 0.6 | 7.2 ± 0.2 | 19.4 ± 0.9 | 12.2 ± 0.9 |
5 (202) | 71.3 ± 8.0 | 95.9 ± 6.7 | 9.7 ± 0.4 | 7.2 ± 0.2 | 19.5 ± 0.8 | 12.3 ± 0.7 |
6 (199) | 70.1 ± 7.5 | 93.9 ± 6.6 | 9.8 ± 0.6 | 7.2 ± 0.2 | 19.5 ± 0.8 | 12.3 ± 0.8 |
7 (157) | 64.4 ± 7.5 | 94.8 ± 10.3 | 9.9 ± 0.9 | 7.1 ± 0.4 | 19.5 ± 0.7 | 12.4 ± 0.8 |
8 (62) | 59.8 ± 5.5 | 87.6 ± 2.7 | 10.3 ± 0.8 | 6.9 ± 0.3 | 19.3 ± 1.2 | 12.4 ± 1.1 |
Lamprophyllum micans Hebard, 1924
Fig.
Lamprophyllum micans is a medium-to-large (0.99 ± 0.17 g, n = 153), green katydid with broad wings, a thin black and yellow line on the leading edge of the tegmen, and a black eye stripe that extends below the eye (Fig.
The call consists of a series of 7–9 (mean: 8) long pulses (Fig.
Pulse durations usually increase across the call, whereas pulse periods are more similar in duration (Table
The calls of this species were previously described by
Call pulse parameters of Lamprophyllum micans (11 individuals, 55 calls; mean ± SD); n = number of pulses measured.
Pulse Number (n) | Pulse Duration (ms) | Pulse Period (ms) | Peak Frequency (kHz) | Low Frequency (kHz) | High Frequency (kHz) | Bandwidth (kHz) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 (55) | 43.8 ± 5.4 | 17.0 ± 1.2 | 13.3 ± 0.7 | 23.3 ± 0.8 | 10.0 ± 0.8 | |
2 (55) | 44.2 ± 2.4 | 105.6 ± 5.6 | 17.1 ± 1.1 | 13.4 ± 0.7 | 23.2 ± 0.5 | 9.8 ± 0.6 |
3 (55) | 45.0 ± 2.7 | 107.3 ± 5.0 | 17.1 ± 1.2 | 13.1 ± 0.6 | 23.4 ± 0.6 | 10.3 ± 0.7 |
4 (55) | 46.9 ± 3.1 | 102.8 ± 7.3 | 17.1 ± 1.2 | 13.0 ± 0.6 | 23.5 ± 0.7 | 10.6 ± 0.7 |
5 (55) | 49.6 ± 4.6 | 102.1 ± 5.2 | 17.3 ± 1.3 | 13.0 ± 0.6 | 23.7 ± 0.8 | 10.7 ± 0.6 |
6 (55) | 57.3 ± 7.6 | 101.7 ± 6.8 | 17.5 ± 1.4 | 13.1 ± 0.8 | 23.6 ± 0.8 | 10.5 ± 0.8 |
7 (55) | 63.3 ± 8.6 | 106.7 ± 4.3 | 17.7 ± 1.4 | 13.1 ± 0.9 | 23.7 ± 1.0 | 10.6 ± 0.9 |
8 (52) | 67.9 ± 5.6 | 112.1 ± 8.6 | 17.7 ± 1.3 | 12.9 ± 0.8 | 23.7 ± 0.9 | 10.7 ± 0.8 |
Microcentrum championi Saussure & Pictet, 1898
Fig.
Microcentrum championi is a mid-sized (0.93 ± 0.08 g, n = 62), robust, green katydid with broad wings and yellow mouth-parts (Fig.
The call consists of a series of three pulses (Fig.
The first pulse is shorter in duration than the other two pulses (Table
Call pulse parameters of Microcentrum championi (4 individuals, 20 calls; mean ± SD); n = number of pulses measured.
Pulse Number (n) | Pulse Duration (ms) | Pulse Period (ms) | Peak Frequency (kHz) | Low Frequency (kHz) | High Frequency (kHz) | Bandwidth (kHz) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 (20) | 38.8 ± 7.1 | 10.1 ± 0.4 | 6.8 ± 0.2 | 15.3 ± 1.3 | 8.5 ± 1.3 | |
2 (20) | 48.3 ± 4.9 | 195.1 ± 23.4 | 10.2 ± 0.5 | 7.0 ± 0.2 | 15.5 ± 1.3 | 8.5 ± 1.3 |
3 (20) | 49.1 ± 4.8 | 215.4 ± 24.0 | 10.2 ± 0.4 | 7.1 ± 0.2 | 16.4 ± 1.1 | 9.3 ± 1.0 |
Microcentrum “polka”
Fig.
Microcentrum “polka” is a large (1.20 ± 0.12 g, n = 117), green katydid with yellow dots along the leading edge of the tegmen (Fig.
The call consists of a series of 3–15 short pulses (mean: 8; Fig.
Both pulse durations and pulse periods are consistent across the duration of the call (Table
Call pulse parameters of Microcentrum “polka” (8 individuals, 73 calls; mean ± SD); n = number of pulses measured.
Pulse Number (n) | Pulse Duration (ms) | Pulse Period (ms) | Peak Frequency (kHz) | Low Frequency (kHz) | High Frequency (kHz) | Bandwidth (kHz) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 (73) | 1.7 ± 0.3 | 9.7 ± 0.4 | 7.2 ± 0.3 | 13.4 ± 0.5 | 6.2 ± 0.6 | |
2 (73) | 1.7 ± 0.3 | 971.0 ± 46.5 | 9.7 ± 0.4 | 7.2 ± 0.3 | 13.5 ± 0.5 | 6.3 ± 0.5 |
3 (73) | 1.9 ± 0.3 | 964.9 ± 44.2 | 9.7 ± 0.5 | 7.3 ± 0.3 | 13.6 ± 0.6 | 6.3 ± 0.5 |
4 (72) | 2.0 ± 0.3 | 947.6 ± 47.0 | 9.7 ± 0.5 | 7.3 ± 0.3 | 13.5 ± 0.6 | 6.2 ± 0.5 |
5 (67) | 2.0 ± 0.4 | 935.9 ± 51.4 | 9.8 ± 0.5 | 7.3 ± 0.3 | 13.6 ± 0.7 | 6.3 ± 0.5 |
6 (56) | 2.1 ± 0.3 | 936.9 ± 55.2 | 9.7 ± 0.4 | 7.3 ± 0.4 | 13.6 ± 0.6 | 6.3 ± 0.5 |
7 (42) | 2.1 ± 0.4 | 938.8 ± 57.8 | 9.8 ± 0.5 | 7.4 ± 0.4 | 13.7 ± 0.6 | 6.3 ± 0.4 |
8 (31) | 2.0 ± 0.5 | 940.6 ± 65.6 | 9.6 ± 0.5 | 7.4 ± 0.4 | 13.7 ± 0.8 | 6.3 ± 0.5 |
9 (20) | 2.2 ± 0.5 | 949.3 ± 75.4 | 9.5 ± 0.6 | 7.4 ± 0.4 | 13.9 ± 0.8 | 6.5 ± 0.6 |
10 (13) | 2.7 ± 0.5 | 961.7 ± 79.9 | 9.7 ± 1.0 | 7.4 ± 0.5 | 13.5 ± 0.8 | 6.1 ± 0.5 |
Montezumina bradleyi Hebard, 1927
Fig.
Montezumina bradleyi is a very small (0.16 ± 0.03 g, n = 15), green katydid with narrow tegmina, hind wings that stick out significantly past the tips of the tegmina, elongated eyes, and an “E”-shaped marking on the inner surface of the forefemur (Fig.
The call consists of a single pulse with a duration of ~32 ms (Table
This appears to be the first description of the call of this species. The stridulatory file is described by
Orophus conspersus (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878)
Fig.
Orophus conspersus is a large (1.1 ± 0.13 g, n = 13) species with broad wings and is highly variable in color. Morphs range from bright green through tan, brown, and a deep reddish brown, a color most often seen in females (Fig.
The call consists of a series of 1–4 pulses (mean: 3; Fig.
Pulse durations and pulse periods vary slightly over the call (Table
The calls of this species were previously described by
Call pulse parameters of Orophus conspersus. (4 individuals, 40 calls; mean ± SD); n = number of pulses measured.
Pulse Number (n) | Pulse Duration (ms) | Pulse Period (ms) | Peak Frequency (kHz) | Low Frequency (kHz) | High Frequency (kHz) | Bandwidth (kHz) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 (40) | 12.9 ± 5.3 | 11.2 ± 0.1 | 7.7 ± 0.6 | 18.4 ± 1.1 | 10.7 ± 1.4 | |
2 (37) | 13.5 ± 4.7 | 30.8 ± 8.3 | 11.1 ± 0.3 | 7.5 ± 0.4 | 18.9 ± 1.0 | 11.4 ± 1.2 |
3 (28) | 11.1 ± 3.4 | 27.4 ± 1.2 | 11.3 ± 1.0 | 7.5 ± 0.5 | 18.4 ± 0.1 | 10.8 ± 0.5 |
4 (18) | 8.4 ± 0.1 | 27.1 ± 3.8 | 11.7 ± 0.6 | 7.4 ± 0.4 | 18.2 ± 0.3 | 10.8 ± 0.3 |
Philophyllia ingens Hebard, 1933
Fig.
Philophyllia ingens is a very large (3.43 ± 0.65 g, n = 38), green katydid with broad wings, yellow spots on the tegminal margin, and white stripes on the face that extend from the eye to the base of the mandible (Fig.
The call consists of a single pulse with a duration ~6 ms (Table
The calls of this species were previously described by
Phylloptera dimidiata Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
Fig.
Phylloptera dimidiata is a mid-sized (0.54 ± 0.08 g, n = 115), green katydid with broad wings, pink legs, and a black saddle on the posterior third of the pronotum (Fig.
The call consists of a series of 5–13 very short pulses (mean: 8; Fig.
Pulse durations increase across the call, whereas pulse periods decrease slightly across the call (Table
The calls of this species were previously described by
Call pulse parameters of Phylloptera dimidiata (12 individuals, 204 calls; mean ± SD); n = number of pulses measured.
Pulse Number (n) | Pulse Duration (ms) | Pulse Period (ms) | Peak Frequency (kHz) | Low Frequency (kHz) | High Frequency (kHz) | Bandwidth (kHz) |
1 (204) | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 20.5 ± 1.3 | 15.4 ± 2.0 | 26.4 ± 0.9 | 9.9 ± 2.2 | |
2 (204) | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 3.3 ± 0.6 | 20.2 ± 1.4 | 15.8 ± 1.7 | 25.8 ± 0.8 | 9.9 ± 1.6 |
3 (204) | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 3.3 ± 0.6 | 18.9 ± 1.4 | 15.2 ± 1.3 | 24.9 ± 1.0 | 9.7 ± 1.0 |
4 (204) | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 3.1 ± 0.6 | 17.2 ± 1.4 | 13.7 ± 1.5 | 24.2 ± 1.2 | 10.4 ± 1.7 |
5 (204) | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 2.9 ± 0.5 | 15.5 ± 1.4 | 12.3 ± 1.5 | 23.1 ± 1.2 | 10.8 ± 1.7 |
6 (200) | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 2.8 ± 0.5 | 14.1 ± 1.6 | 11.2 ± 1.4 | 23.0 ± 2.2 | 11.8 ± 2.4 |
7 (163) | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 2.6 ± 0.5 | 13.1 ± 1.6 | 10.3 ± 1.4 | 23.2 ± 2.4 | 12.9 ± 2.9 |
8 (83) | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 2.3 ± 0.4 | 12.4 ± 1.5 | 9.5 ± 1.0 | 23.3 ± 2.1 | 13.9 ± 2.3 |
9 (26) | 0.9 ± 0.5 | 2.0 ± 0.4 | 12.9 ± 1.6 | 9.2 ± 0.9 | 23.6 ± 1.5 | 14.4 ± 1.5 |
10 (13) | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 2.1 ± 0.5 | 13.8 ± 1.1 | 9.2 ± 1.9 | 22.7 ± 1.2 | 13.5 ± 0.9 |
11 (8) | 0.8 ± 0.0 | 1.6 ± 0.2 | 13.2 ± 0.8 | 9.2 ± 1.7 | 22.8 ± 2.7 | 13.6 ± 0.9 |
12 (6) | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 12.6 ± 0.2 | 8.6 ± 2.8 | 23.5 ± 0.2 | 15.0 ± 2.5 |
Phylloptera quinquemaculata Bruner, 1915
Fig.
Phylloptera quinquemaculata is a mid-sized (0.79 ± 0.25 g, n = 8), green katydid with pink legs that are strongly banded with black and five spots (or clusters of spots) on the tegmina (Fig.
The call consists of a series of 6–11 pulses (mean: 9; Fig.
The call looks very similar to two short Phylloptera dimidiata calls produced ~24 ms apart (Table
This appears to be the first description of the call of this species.
Call pulse parameters of Phylloptera quinquemaculata (3 individuals, 15 calls; mean ± SD); n = number of pulses measured.
Pulse Group | Pulse Number (n) | Pulse Duration (ms) | Pulse Period (ms) | Peak Frequency (kHz) | Low Frequency (kHz) | High Frequency (kHz) | Bandwidth (kHz) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 (15) | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 15.5 ± 1.0 | 12.3 ± 0.4 | 19.0 ± 0.7 | 6.7 ± 0.3 | |
1 | 2 (15) | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 4.3 ± 0.6 | 14.4 ± 1.1 | 10.8 ± 0.6 | 19.4 ± 3.1 | 8.6 ± 3.5 |
1 | 3 (13) | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 4.1 ± 0.4 | 12.2 ± 0.6 | 10.2 ± 0.4 | 16.2 ± 1.5 | 5.9 ± 1.2 |
1 | 4 (12) | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 3.8 ± 0.4 | 11.3 ± 0.4 | 9.5 ± 0.3 | 14.1 ± 0.7 | 4.6 ± 0.6 |
1 | 5 (5) | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 3.8 ± 1.0 | 11.5 ± 0.4 | 8.5 ± 0.2 | 15.0 ± 0.5 | 6.5 ± 0.3 |
2 | 1 (15) | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 23.5 ± 2.4 | 15.8 ± 1.0 | 12.4 ± 1.5 | 19.3 ± 1.0 | 6.8 ± 1.0 |
2 | 2 (15) | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 3.7 ± 0.3 | 15.3 ± 1.2 | 11.3 ± 1.3 | 19.4 ± 1.7 | 8.1 ± 2.5 |
2 | 3 (15) | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 4.1 ± 0.5 | 12.9 ± 0.7 | 10.3 ± 0.9 | 18.5 ± 2.8 | 8.2 ± 3.6 |
2 | 4 (15) | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 3.7 ± 0.4 | 11.7 ± 0.5 | 9.6 ± 0.5 | 14.7 ± 1.2 | 5.0 ± 0.8 |
2 | 5 (13) | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 3.3 ± 0.2 | 11.1 ± 0.1 | 8.4 ± 0.3 | 14.8 ± 2.0 | 6.4 ± 2.1 |
2 | 6 (6) | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 3.8 ± 1.3 | 10.4 ± 0.3 | 8.4 ± 0.8 | 15.1 ± 0.7 | 6.8 ± 0.1 |
Pycnopalpa bicordata (Saint-Fargeau & Serville, 1825)
Fig.
Pycnopalpa bicordata is a very small (0.12 ± 0.02 g, n = 16) katydid with green and brown coloration, white tarsi, transparent windows in the wings that look like dead patches in a leaf, and two heart-shaped green markings on the pronotum (Fig.
The call consists of a series of 4–6 pulses (mean: 5; Fig.
Pulse durations and pulse periods are quite consistent across the call (Table
The calls of this species were previously described by
Call pulse parameters of Pycnopalpa bicordata (3 individuals, 14 calls; mean ± SD); n = number of pulses measured.
Pulse Number (n) | Pulse Duration (ms) | Pulse Period (ms) | Peak Frequency (kHz) | Low Frequency (kHz) | High Frequency (kHz) | Bandwidth (kHz) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 (14) | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 28.2 ± 3.6 | 23.1 ± 1.9 | 34.7 ± 5.3 | 11.6 ± 3.5 | |
2 (14) | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 7.5 ± 0.3 | 26.5 ± 1.6 | 23.1 ± 1.1 | 31.9 ± 3.4 | 8.8 ± 2.7 |
3 (14) | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 7.5 ± 0.6 | 26.1 ± 1.2 | 23.8 ± 1.0 | 30.5 ± 2.8 | 6.7 ± 2.2 |
4 (14) | 1.5 ± 0.7 | 7.9 ± 0.6 | 26.2 ± 0.8 | 23.3 ± 1.3 | 30.3 ± 1.8 | 7.0 ± 0.6 |
5 (10) | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 7.8 ± 1.8 | 26.3 ± 0.6 | 23.4 ± 0.7 | 30.5 ± 1.0 | 7.0 ± 1.7 |
Steirodon stalii (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878)
Fig.
Steirodon stalii is a very large (4.16 ± 0.49 g, n = 22), green katydid with yellow-tipped ridges along the edge of the pronotum (Fig.
The call consists of a series of three pulses (Fig.
Pulse durations and pulse periods are quite consistent across the call (Table
This appears to be the first description of the call of this species.
Call pulse parameters of Steirodon stalii (10 individuals, 92 calls; mean ± SD); n = number of pulses measured.
Pulse Number (n) | Pulse Duration (ms) | Pulse Period (ms) | Peak Frequency (kHz) | Low Frequency (kHz) | High Frequency (kHz) | Bandwidth (kHz) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 (92) | 4.8 ± 2.3 | 19.0 ± 1.5 | 13.6 ± 1.2 | 24.2 ± 1.0 | 10.6 ± 1.5 | |
2 (92) | 4.8 ± 2.0 | 94.5 ± 7.6 | 18.9 ± 1.1 | 13.5 ± 1.0 | 24.3 ± 1.1 | 10.8 ± 1.6 |
3 (92) | 5.6 ± 2.3 | 107.6 ± 7.8 | 18.7 ± 1.7 | 13.2 ± 1.0 | 24.4 ± 1.3 | 11.2 ± 1.7 |
Viadana brunneri Cadena-Castañeda, 2015
Fig.
Viadana brunneri is a small (0.38 ± 0.07 g, n = 70) and delicate green katydid with broad wings that give a strong impression of a single new leaf (Fig.
The call consists of a series of 2 pulses (Fig.
The two pulses in the call are similar in their temporal and spectral properties (Table
The calls of this species were previously described by
Call pulse parameters of Viadana brunneri (11 individuals, 195 calls; mean ± SD); n = number of pulses measured.
Pulse Number (n) | Pulse Duration (ms) | Pulse Period (ms) | Peak Frequency (kHz) | Low Frequency (kHz) | High Frequency (kHz) | Bandwidth (kHz) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 (195) | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 16.2 ± 0.5 | 14.6 ± 0.5 | 18.3 ± 0.8 | 3.7 ± 0.5 | |
2 (195) | 1.6 ± 0.2 | 6.9 ± 0.5 | 16.2 ± 0.5 | 14.9 ± 0.5 | 18.3 ± 0.7 | 3.4 ± 0.6 |
Phaneropterinae gen. “Waxy sp.”
Fig.
Phaneropterinae gen. “Waxy sp.” is a mid-sized (0.73 ± 0.18 g, n = 73) katydid with very rounded and tough tegmina that have a waxy surface (Fig.
The call consists of a series of 6–8 pulses (mean: 6.5; Fig.
Pulse durations increase within each pulse group, whereas pulse periods within pulse groups are similar (Table
Call pulse parameters of “Waxy sp.” (3 individuals, 13 calls; mean ± SD); n = number of pulses measured.
Pulse Group | Pulse Number (n) | Pulse Duration (ms) | Pulse Period (ms) | Peak Frequency (kHz) | Low Frequency (kHz) | High Frequency (kHz) | Bandwidth (kHz) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 (13) | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 15.5 ± 0.3 | 12.5 ± 0.8 | 18.0 ± 0.5 | 5.5 ± 0.6 | |
1 | 2 (13) | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 4.5 ± 0.4 | 13.3 ± 0.2 | 10.6 ± 1.0 | 17.0 ± 0.4 | 6.4 ± 1.2 |
1 | 3 (13) | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 4.0 ± 0.4 | 11.5 ± 0.3 | 10.2 ± 0.6 | 15.3 ± 0.7 | 5.1 ± 1.2 |
2 | 1 (13) | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 47.4 ± 3.2 | 15.1 ± 0.3 | 11.6 ± 0.8 | 18.0 ± 0.4 | 6.4 ± 1.0 |
2 | 2 (13) | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 5.1 ± 0.1 | 12.9 ± 0.5 | 10.6 ± 0.9 | 16.7 ± 0.9 | 6.1 ± 1.7 |
2 | 3 (13) | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 4.6 ± 0.2 | 11.5 ± 0.5 | 10.3 ± 0.4 | 15.3 ± 0.6 | 5.0 ± 0.9 |
Acanthodis curvidens (Stål, 1875)
Fig.
Acanthodis curvidens is a very large (2.98 ± 0.2 g, n = 6), brown and green mottled katydid with a blue and white face, purple markings on the ventral surface, and prominent hooked spines on the hind limbs (Fig.
The call begins with a long, low amplitude sound, likely a wing opening sound, followed by 3–4 short pulses and ends with a longer, higher amplitude pulse (Table
The peak frequency and the amplitude of the pulses increase across the call (Table
The calls of this species were previously described by
Call pulse parameters of Acanthodis curvidens (3 individuals, 38 calls; mean ± SD); WO: wing-opening sound at start of each call; LP: last pulse, which is either pulse 4 or 5; n = number of pulses measured.
Pulse Number (n) | Pulse Duration (ms) | Pulse Period (ms) | Peak Frequency (kHz) | Low Frequency (kHz) | High Frequency (kHz) | Bandwidth (kHz) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WO (38) | 19.3 ± 0.7 | 11.7 ± 0.8 | 8.8 ± 1.1 | 20.2 ± 1.0 | 11.4 ± 0.5 | |
1 (38) | 4.0 ± 1.5 | 34.4 ± 4.5 | 12.6 ± 0.1 | 8.8 ± 0.5 | 19.7 ± 1.3 | 10.9 ± 0.9 |
2 (38) | 4.8 ± 1.8 | 15.0 ± 1.5 | 12.7 ± 0.2 | 9.2 ± 0.2 | 20.0 ± 0.8 | 10.7 ± 0.6 |
3 (38) | 5.2 ± 2.0 | 15.6 ± 0.8 | 13.6 ± 0.9 | 9.3 ± 0.1 | 20.2 ± 0.9 | 10.9 ± 0.7 |
4 (15) | 5.9 ± 0.2 | 16.0 ± 1.8 | 14.7 ± 0.6 | 9.6 ± 0.1 | 19.6 ± 2.3 | 10.0 ± 2.4 |
LP (38) | 12.9 ± 4.3 | 13.9 ± 0.7 | 16.1 ± 0.9 | 11.2 ± 1.4 | 20.2 ± 2.0 | 8.9 ± 2.8 |
Balboana tibialis (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1895)
Fig.
Balboana tibialis is a very large (4.76 ± 0.75 g, n = 6) and robust dark brown katydid with black patches at the base of the forewings and bright green male cerci (Fig.
The call consists of a series of 5–8 pulses (mean: 7; Fig.
Pulse durations, periods, and peak frequencies all increase across the call (Table
The calls of this species were previously described by
Call pulse parameters of Balboana tibialis (4 individuals, 20 calls; mean ± SD); n = number of pulses measured.
Pulse Number (n) | Pulse Duration (ms) | Pulse Period (ms) | Peak Frequency (kHz) | Low Frequency (kHz) | High Frequency (kHz) | Bandwidth (kHz) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 (20) | 3.8 ± 0.8 | 12.4 ± 1.8 | 8.4 ± 1.0 | 16.8 ± 1.6 | 8.5 ± 2.2 | |
2 (20) | 6.1 ± 1.1 | 19.5 ± 2.3 | 13.0 ± 1.5 | 8.8 ± 0.5 | 16.2 ± 1.7 | 7.4 ± 2.1 |
3 (20) | 7.6 ± 1.6 | 20.4 ± 1.6 | 13.2 ± 1.0 | 9.5 ± 1.2 | 16.7 ± 1.3 | 7.1 ± 2.3 |
4 (20) | 8.6 ± 1.5 | 21.0 ± 2.0 | 14.1 ± 1.6 | 10.7 ± 1.8 | 16.1 ± 1.9 | 5.4 ± 3.3 |
5 (20) | 10.2 ± 0.9 | 21.4 ± 2.2 | 14.1 ± 1.3 | 11.1 ± 1.5 | 16.2 ± 1.8 | 5.0 ± 3.0 |
6 (16) | 9.8 ± 1.8 | 21.8 ± 1.6 | 14.4 ± 1.4 | 11.1 ± 2.1 | 17.1 ± 0.9 | 5.9 ± 2.8 |
7 (11) | 9.2 ± 0.4 | 23.8 ± 1.0 | 14.9 ± 2.2 | 9.5 ± 1.9 | 17.5 ± 1.2 | 8.0 ± 2.3 |
Cocconotus wheeleri Hebard, 1927
Fig.
Cocconotus wheeleri is a large (1.32 ± 0.21 g, n = 18), cylindrical, tan katydid with green markings on the wings, significantly darker dorsal surface of pronotum (black to dark brown) compared to tan colored sides of pronotum, and five black vertical lines on the face (Fig.
The call consists of a series of 4–16 (mean: 11) pulses (Fig.
The first two pulses are shorter in duration than the rest of the pulses (Table
The calls of this species were previously described by
Photographs and calling song spectrograms of Cocconotus wheeleri. A. Male, inset showing striped face (one of the five black lines is obscured by white glare; photo credit: H. ter Hofstede); B. Female (photo credit: T. Robillard); C. and D. Spectrogram (top panel) and oscillogram (bottom panel) of one call at different time scales.
Call pulse parameters of Cocconotus wheeleri (6 individuals, 60 calls; mean ± SD); n = number of pulses measured.
Pulse Number (n) | Pulse Duration (ms) | Pulse Period (ms) | Peak Frequency (kHz) | Low Frequency (kHz) | High Frequency (kHz) | Bandwidth (kHz) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 (60) | 5.4 ± 3.8 | 23.6 ± 1.7 | 20.2 ± 1.6 | 27.9 ± 1.3 | 7.7 ± 1.1 | |
2 (60) | 7.5 ± 2.9 | 17.1 ± 3.7 | 23.8 ± 1.3 | 20.7 ± 1.6 | 28.1 ± 1.2 | 7.5 ± 1.7 |
3 (60) | 9.1 ± 2.7 | 20.8 ± 1.5 | 23.9 ± 1.4 | 21.0 ± 1.7 | 27.8 ± 1.0 | 6.9 ± 1.6 |
4 (60) | 9.8 ± 2.1 | 21.8 ± 1.0 | 24.7 ± 0.9 | 21.2 ± 1.3 | 28.0 ± 1.3 | 6.9 ± 1.4 |
5 (60) | 9.4 ± 1.8 | 23.8 ± 1.5 | 24.8 ± 0.8 | 21.4 ± 1.5 | 27.9 ± 1.2 | 6.5 ± 1.3 |
6 (58) | 8.8 ± 2.2 | 23.4 ± 0.6 | 24.9 ± 0.8 | 21.4 ± 1.4 | 28.2 ± 1.5 | 6.8 ± 1.6 |
7 (55) | 9.3 ± 1.7 | 23.2 ± 1.2 | 24.8 ± 0.7 | 21.3 ± 1.4 | 27.9 ± 0.9 | 6.7 ± 1.2 |
8 (47) | 9.6 ± 0.9 | 22.8 ± 1.6 | 24.7 ± 1.0 | 21.4 ± 1.1 | 27.9 ± 1.0 | 6.5 ± 1.3 |
9 (42) | 8.9 ± 2.1 | 22.9 ± 1.5 | 24.6 ± 0.8 | 20.9 ± 0.9 | 28.3 ± 1.2 | 7.3 ± 1.1 |
10 (37) | 10.1 ± 1.8 | 23.0 ± 2.3 | 24.5 ± 0.7 | 20.9 ± 0.8 | 28.2 ± 1.5 | 7.2 ± 1.4 |
11 (36) | 9.5 ± 1.7 | 24.7 ± 0.7 | 24.3 ± 0.6 | 21.0 ± 1.0 | 28.2 ± 1.5 | 7.2 ± 1.4 |
12 (31) | 11.0 ± 2.6 | 23.7 ± 1.5 | 24.3 ± 0.8 | 21.0 ± 1.1 | 28.3 ± 1.7 | 7.2 ± 1.5 |
13 (27) | 10.7 ± 1.7 | 24.5 ± 0.4 | 24.0 ± 0.7 | 20.9 ± 1.2 | 27.5 ± 0.7 | 6.5 ± 1.4 |
14 (16) | 10.4 ± 2.2 | 25.3 ± 1.0 | 24.2 ± 0.8 | 20.7 ± 1.0 | 27.7 ± 0.9 | 6.9 ± 1.2 |
15 (9) | 11.9 ± 2.5 | 25.8 ± 1.0 | 24.4 ± 0.8 | 20.8 ± 1.4 | 27.9 ± 0.9 | 7.1 ± 1.8 |
Docidocercus gigliotosi (Griffini, 1896)
Fig.
Docidocercus gigliotosi is a medium-sized (1.26 ± 0.17 g, n = 22), cylindrical, tan katydid with dark and light brown banding on the dorsal surface of the abdomen and a light blue face (Fig.
The call consists of 1–3 (mean: 1.6) identical pulses (Fig.
The calls of this species were previously described by
Call pulse parameters of Docidocercus gigliotosi (7 individuals, 140 calls; mean ± SD); n = number of pulses measured.
Pulse Number (n) | Pulse Duration (ms) | Pulse Period (ms) | Peak Frequency (kHz) | Low Frequency (kHz) | High Frequency (kHz) | Bandwidth (kHz) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 (140) | 20.0 ± 1.4 | 24.2 ± 0.5 | 23.6 ± 0.5 | 25.5 ± 0.7 | 1.9 ± 0.5 | |
2 (63) | 19.2 ± 2.7 | 190.6 ± 34.1 | 24.0 ± 0.6 | 23.5 ± 0.7 | 25.9 ± 1.0 | 2.4 ± 1.3 |
3 (15) | 19.5 ± 0.6 | 159.0 ± 11.7 | 24.1 ± 0.7 | 23.7 ± 0.7 | 25.5 ± 0.4 | 1.8 ± 0.4 |
Eubliastes pollonerae (Griffini, 1896)
Fig.
Eubliastes pollonerae is a large (1.9 ± 0.37 g, n = 15), cylindrical, tan-colored katydid with dark anterior and posterior edges of the pronotum, a uniformly pinkish-beige face, and bright green eyes (Fig.
The call consists of two main pulses with what appear to be relatively high-amplitude wing-opening sounds before each pulse (Fig.
The two main pulses are very similar in duration and peak frequency (Table
The calls of this species were previously described by
Call pulse parameters of Eubliastes pollonerae (5 individuals, 100 calls; mean ± SD); WO = wing-opening sound; n = number of pulses measured.
Pulse Number (n) | Pulse Duration (ms) | Pulse Period (ms) | Peak Frequency (kHz) | Low Frequency (kHz) | High Frequency (kHz) | Bandwidth (kHz) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WO1 (100) | 17.8 ± 0.6 | 20.9 ± 1.2 | 17.2 ± 1.5 | 26.6 ± 1.9 | 9.4 ± 1.6 | |
1 (100) | 13.2 ± 1.7 | 20.1 ± 0.6 | 24.2 ± 1.5 | 21.9 ± 1.7 | 26.5 ± 1.6 | 4.6 ± 1.6 |
WO2 (100) | 7.7 ± 1.2 | 16.8 ± 1.6 | 21.3 ± 1.1 | 17.8 ± 1.6 | 26.9 ± 1.9 | 9.1 ± 1.7 |
2 (100) | 12.9 ± 1.8 | 9.8 ± 1.2 | 24.3 ± 1.3 | 22.4 ± 1.2 | 26.4 ± 1.8 | 4.1 ± 0.8 |
Idiarthron majus Hebard, 1927
Fig.
Idiarthron majus is a very large (2.38 ± 0.7 g, n = 3), robust and dark brown katydid (Fig.
The call consists of two pulses (pulse duration ~10–20 ms) with a pulse period of ~25 ms and a mean call duration of ~45 ms (Table
The calls of this species were previously described by
Call pulse parameters of Idiarthron majus (3 individuals, 26 calls; mean ± SD); n = number of pulses measured.
Pulse Number (n) | Pulse Duration (ms) | Pulse Period (ms) | Peak Frequency (kHz) | Low Frequency (kHz) | High Frequency (kHz) | Bandwidth (kHz) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 (26) | 10.8 ± 1.3 | 23.4 ± 0.7 | 18.4 ± 0.4 | 31.4 ± 1.3 | 13.1 ± 0.9 | |
2 (26) | 18.6 ± 1.9 | 27.2 ± 0.5 | 24.4 ± 0.7 | 20.3 ± 1.1 | 29.2 ± 1.9 | 8.9 ± 1.4 |
Ischnomela gracilis Stål, 1873
Fig.
Ischnomela gracilis is a large (1.55 ± 0.17 g, n = 13) and very elongated tan-colored katydid with black knees, a yellow line along the anal margins of the tegmina, and conspicuous white ocelli on top of the head (Fig.
The call consists of a single pulse with a duration ranging from 8–14 ms and having a mean of ~11 ms (Table
The calls of this species were previously described by
Ischnomela pulchripennis Rehn, 1906
Fig.
Ischnomela pulchripennis is a very large (3.75 ± 0.14 g, n = 2) and cylindrical katydid with green wings, pronotum, and hind femurs and a tan body (Fig.
The call consists of two pulses with a consistent call duration of 69 ms (Table
The calls of this species were previously described by
Call pulse parameters of Ischnomela pulchripennis (3 individuals, 15 calls; mean ± SD); n = number of pulses measured.
Pulse Number (n) | Pulse Duration (ms) | Pulse Period (ms) | Peak Frequency (kHz) | Low Frequency (kHz) | High Frequency (kHz) | Bandwidth (kHz) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 (15) | 17.1 ± 0.9 | 13.7 ± 0.3 | 12.2 ± 0.3 | 15.3 ± 0.1 | 3.1 ± 0.2 | |
2 (15) | 16.5 ± 0.8 | 52.5 ± 1.4 | 13.5 ± 0.3 | 12.3 ± 0.2 | 15.3 ± 0.3 | 3.0 ± 0.2 |
Pristonotus tuberosus (Stål, 1875)
Fig.
Pristonotus tuberosus is a very large (5.24 ± 0.48 g, n = 5), brown katydid with two cream-colored stripes on the face and green mottling on the wings (Fig.
The call consists of a single pulse with a duration ranging from 14–20 ms and having a mean of ~17.5 ms (Table
The calls of this species were previously described by
Scopiorinus fragilis (Hebard, 1927)
Fig.
Scopiorinus fragilis is a mid-sized (0.54 ± 0.08 g, n = 7), slender, and cylindrical green katydid (Fig.
The call consists of a “chirp” (groups of pulses; Fig.
The chirp consists of 6 pulses with the first two pulses being short (5–10 ms) and very low amplitude, and pulses 3–6 being longer and higher amplitude (8–20 ms; Fig.
The calls of this species were previously described by
Thamnobates subfalcata Saussure & Pictet, 1898
Fig.
Thamnobates subfalcata is a mid-size (0.63 ± 0.19 g, n = 24), brown, cylindrical katydid with a darkened stridulatory area in males (Fig.
The call consists of 2 pulses (Fig.
The first pulse is shorter in duration than the second pulse and the two pulses are similar in their spectral properties (Table
An oscillogram of the call of this species is given in
Call pulse parameters of Thamnobates subfalcata (3 individuals, 15 calls; mean ± SD); n = number of pulses measured.
Pulse Number (n) | Pulse Duration (ms) | Pulse Period (ms) | Peak Frequency (kHz) | Low Frequency (kHz) | High Frequency (kHz) | Bandwidth (kHz) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 (15) | 11.1 ± 0.3 | 18.7 ± 0.3 | 17.9 ± 0.5 | 20.7 ± 0.6 | 2.8 ± 0.4 | |
2 (15) | 14.1 ± 3.0 | 16.5 ± 0.4 | 19.0 ± 0.2 | 18.1 ± 0.4 | 20.9 ± 1.0 | 2.8 ± 0.6 |
The data presented in this study demonstrate the incredible diversity of the acoustic signals of Neotropical katydids. In this discussion, we comment on overall patterns seen in these data and suggest topics for future studies, but we refrain from detailed statistical analyses until a suitable phylogenetic framework is available for these species. In general, calls varied enormously in duration, temporal patterning, peak frequency, and bandwidth both across and within subfamilies.
For the species studied here, call duration ranged from a single 1.7 ms pulse by Anaulacomera “goat” to the continuous calls of some of the conocephaline katydids, such as Eppia truncatipennis, which calls repeatedly for 20 seconds at a time. Species in the Conocephalinae tend to produce longer calls than those in the Phaneropterinae and Pseudophyllinae, mostly due to repetition of the base call or pulse many times over a long period of time. However, several conocephaline species produce very short calls at long intervals (Copiphora brevirostris, Subria sylvestris, and Vestria punctata). The Pseudophyllinae that we recorded all produce short calls, ranging from a single pulse of 10 ms (Ischnomela gracilis) to a call of 11 pulses over 250 ms (Cocconotus wheeleri), consistent with previous reports of short and sporadic calling in this subfamily in the Neotropics (
In the Neotropics, continuously calling katydid species are generally found in dense secondary growth in clearings or fields, whereas species with short and sporadic calls are more commonly found in forest habitats (
The structure of a habitat can influence the transmission of acoustic signals (
Both reproductive strategies and habitat use differ between the subfamilies of katydids (
Peak frequencies of the calls recorded in this study ranged from 10 kHz (many species) to 74 kHz (Ischnomela gracilis) (Table
Previous studies have documented a negative relationship between call frequency and measures of body size, i.e., smaller katydids produce higher frequency calls than larger katydids (
Relationships between call peak frequency (kHz) and mean mass (mg) for 49 katydid species from Panama. A. All data for each subfamily. Points surrounded by grey dashed circles appear to be outliers for each subfamily (green circle at 74 kHz = Ischnomela gracilis; red triangle at 3.4 g = Philophyllia ingens; red triangle at 4.2 g = Steirodon stalii); B. Data for families Phaneropterinae (red triangles) and Pseudophyllinae (green circles) with outliers removed. Lines are linear regression lines.
Both temporal and spectral properties of calls are important for identifying a potential mate of the same species in katydids (
The majority of calls described here consist of a sequence of broadband pulses with stereotypical pulse durations and periods that do not overlap with other recorded species. These temporal differences provide a mechanism by which individuals can identify a potential mate. The most subtle difference in call structure between two species is that of the congeneric species Euceraia atryx and E. insignis. Males of these species both produce calls with overlapping ranges of the number of pulses, pulse durations, and spectral properties (Table
Bioacoustic monitoring is becoming an important tool for tracking and assessing habitats (
Our goals in publishing these data are to provide detailed descriptions and recordings of the acoustic signals of many Neotropical katydid species for studies on the evolution and ecology of katydid communication and for future acoustic monitoring projects. Our research group is currently developing a phylogeny of the species in this study to assess the evolution of acoustic and vibrational signaling in Neotropical katydids. In addition, we are developing artificial intelligence approaches to automate the detection of signals in field recordings for acoustic monitoring and conservation projects. We hope that making these recordings freely available will allow other researchers to incorporate these data in additional studies and accelerate our understanding of the evolution, ecology, and conservation of these amazing insects.
We thank the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) for accommodations and the use of the outstanding research facilities on Barro Colorado Island (BCI). We are deeply grateful to all the BCI staff (administration, kitchen, accommodation, security, and transportation) for their hospitality and assistance with many aspects of fieldwork. We especially thank Oris Acevedo, Belkys Jimenez, Melissa Cano, and Hilda Castaneda, who have facilitated and supported our fascination with the katydids on BCI for more than 10 years. We thank Holger Braun and Klaus Riede for their valuable reviews and Klaus-Gerhard Heller for his editorial feedback, all of which greatly improved our manuscript. We would also like to thank them for the fast turn-around on such a lengthy manuscript. We have had many fantastic and enthusiastic students and colleagues assist with data analysis and fieldwork over the years. Thank you to Aboubacar Cherif, May Dixon, Sara McElheny, Nathaniel Gallagher, Patricia Jones, Eugene Moon, and Rebecca Novello for assistance with call measurements. Thank you to Jen Hamel, Lars Hoeger, Alina Iwan, Autumn Jensen, Ciara Kernan, Nicole Kleinas, Caitlyn Lee, Rebecca Novello, Christine Palmer, Jessica Ralston, Matt Sears, Etefania Velilla Perdomo, Nicole Wershoven, and Catherine Wilson for assistance catching, identifying, and/or recording katydids in the field. Thank you to Ciara Kernan and Catherine Wilson for contributing photographs of katydids for the figures (see individual acknowledgements in figure captions). Funding for this work was provided by Dartmouth College (start-up and travel funding to HtH and a Neukom Institute Postdoctoral Fellowship to LBS), STRI (short-term fellowships to HtH, SJM, and LBS), Microsoft and the National Geographic Society (“Artificial Intelligence for Earth Innovation” grant NGS-57246T-18 to SM, RAP, LBS, and HtH), the Arthur Vining Davis Foundations (to SM), and the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (ATM grant to TR).
Data type: XLSX file
Explanation note: Excel spreadsheet with all call measurements described in the manuscript.
Data type: XLSX file
Explanation note: Excel spreadsheet with the mean mass for each species reported in the manuscript and the statistical analysis of the relationship between mass and call peak frequency.