Review of the genus Pteranabropsis (Anostostomatidae: Anabropsinae) with description of six new species

Sigfrid Ingrisch

doi:10.3897/jor.28.32182

Research Article

Review of the genus Pteranabropsis (Anostostomatidae: Anabropsinae) with description of six new species

Sigfrid Ingrisch^‡

‡ Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany

Corresponding author: Sigfrid Ingrisch ( s.ingrisch@macbay.de )

Academic editor: Klaus-Gerhard Heller

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Citation: Ingrisch S (2019) Review of the genus Pteranabropsis (Anostostomatidae: Anabropsinae) with description of six new species. Journal of Orthoptera Research 28(2): 107-124. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.28.32182

ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:C15EAEFB-4227-4445-B7C7-93D76E03F646

Abstract

The genus Pteranabropsis is reviewed. Diagnostic characters for the superficially similar species of the genus are discussed. An extended key to the species is provided. Six new species are described: P. angusta sp. nov., P. cuspis sp. nov., P. bavi sp. nov., P. copia sp. nov., and P. pusilla sp. nov. from northern Vietnam, and P. guadun sp. nov. from the Wuyishan Mountains in China. Types and all other specimens from Vietnam are stored in ISNB Brussels; those from Wuyishan in ZFMK Bonn.

Keywords

China, diagnostic characters, dichotomous key, distribution, Orthoptera, Vietnam

Introduction

The genus Pteranabropsis was established by Gorochov (1988) for Anabropsis carli Griffini, 1911 from Vietnam. For eighty years, Anabropsis carli was the only named full-winged Anabropsinae from Asia. A more detailed treatment of the genus was given by Gorochov (1998) including a redescription of P. carli, description of a new species, P. carnarius Gorochov, 1998, and a differential diagnosis between adults and nymphs of both species and tools to differentiate between their juvenile stages and adults of the apterous genus Apteranabropsis Gorochov, 1988. Subsequently, Wang et al. (2015) described five new species from China, and Song et al. (2016) described two new species, also from China. Another similar, but micropterous, new species was described by Shi and Bian (2016) in a new but closely related genus Brevipenna Shi & Bian, 2016, which is intermediate between Pteranabropsis and Apteranabropsis.

A collection of Orthoptera obtained from studies of the entomological diversity of Vietnam (Constant and Grootaert 2018) contained a rich number of Pteranabropsis specimens from various localities in the northern area of Vietnam, including P. carli and P. carnarius from the type locality of the latter species (Tam Dao). Several other individuals of the genus collected in the course of that project differed significantly from both species and also from the species of the genus described from China. They are described here as new species. As the species of the genus show a great overall similarity, the differential characters had to be re-evaluated, resulting in an extended key to the species.

Additionally, historical specimens from Guadun (China), for- merly identified as P. carli and found in the collection of ZFMK, are included in this study and it is proved to be a new species.

Materials and methods

The current study is based on specimens from the research project of “A step further in the Entomodiversity of Vietnam” managed by J. Constant (Constant and Grootaert 2018), housed in the Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique in Bruxelles.

During the study, I also re-examined two specimens of the genus from the old Klapperich collection held in ZFMK that were collected near Kuatun [current spelling Guadun] in the Wuyishan Mountains, China, in 1938.

A select number of the museum specimens were re-set to allow the studying of wing shapes and venation. Naming of tegminal veins follows Ingrisch (2018). That paper also contains a comparison with former schemes.

Documentation of the specimens studied was done by photography using a Canon D500 with a ring light mounted to a copy-stand for habitus images and a Canon D6 mounted to the photo adapter of a Motic M5 for microscopic images. The images were processed by CaptureOne and stacked with Zerene Stacker.

Abbreviations for depositories.—MHNG – Muséum d’histoire naturelle Genève, Switzerland; ISNB – Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique in Bruxelles, Belgium; ZFMK – Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig Bonn, Germany.

Results

Characters.—Body size, wing length, and wing surface or length to width ratio varies among species, although there is also variation among individuals, especially in the more widespread species. When the wings are spread, they are of some use for identification, especially in brachypterous species, since the wings were reduced to a varying degree, resulting in differences in length to width ratio. Coloration or intensity of coloration of hind wings are occasionally helpful, too. Venation of tegmen follows a common pattern in all species, but in species with shortened wings, especially when the tegmen width becomes narrow due to reduction, the number of media or cubitus branches is reduced.

All three thoracic sternites possess a pair of elongate ventral projections. The metasternal projections differ rather strikingly among groups of species. They provide a useful character for identification and have been used in previous keys.

The male subgenital plate is basically similar in shape, but differs in details among species. Previous authors have used the presence or absence of an incision of the apical margin and the way it is incised as a key character.

The male phallus is fully membranous and lacks sclerites. Although it is structured and the structure is probably species specific, its shape is of restricted use for identification since in many museum specimens it is not preserved in a good enough condition for certain identification. Currently, only Gorochov (1998) has used it to differentiate between P. carli and P. carnarius. In the present paper it is illustrated for all species studied but not included in the key.

The most significant character for separating the species proved to be the apical area of the long paraproctal outgrowths in males when studied at sufficient magnification. One might speculate that these tools might be used to open the female subgenital plate during pairing, although that has not been observed so far.

The female subgenital plate has as its basic shape a triangular, somewhat vaulted basal area and a narrow prolonged apical area with acute tip. It differs between species by the relation of the length of the anterior to that of the posterior area and by presence or absence of minute modifications at the transient zone.

The presence or absence of spines on the ventral margins of the mid femur has been used in the keys of Wang et al. (2015) and Song et al. (2016). I avoided that character because of individual variation within species.

The tibial tympana are rather large and open on both sides in the basal area of the fore tibia. There is little variation among species. In P. carnarius, the open tympana are slightly but markedly smaller than in the equally large P. carli. The individuals of the genus are obviously able to hear although the prothoracic spiracle is not open and wide as in Tettigoniidae but covered by three valves and a little larger than the meso- and metathoracic spiracles that are covered by only two valves (Fig. 6C–D, M, R, V). Whether species in the genus can produce sound is unknown. No morphological modifications that could be interpreted as tools for sound production were found, but tremulation and drumming are known in US and New Zealand Anostostomatidae (Vandergast et al. 2017) and might also occur in Pteranabropsis. An interesting modification, as compared to the situation in Tettigoniidae, was found in the second plate of the mesopleuron, which is obtuse-angularly prolonged over its whole width, covers the intersegmental membrane, and overlaps at the tip with the metapleuron (Fig. 6C). A similar modification also exists in Gryllacrididae, but is shaped differently. The surface of the metapleuron is covered by transverse parallel riblets; also the anterior surface of the metapleuron and the surface of the mesopleuron are covered by fine and, on the mesopleuron, very weak transverse riblets.

Distribution of the genus in Vietnam.—An examination of all Orthoptera specimens collected at 21 localities during the project “A step further in the Entomodiversity of Vietnam” showed that Pteranabropsis specimens had been collected in seven localities, all of them in the northern area of Vietnam (Fig. 8). The collections from central and southern areas of Vietnam investigated during that project did not contain any proof of the occurrence of the genus in those areas. The northern area is, however, somewhat better researched than the remainder of the country: there were twelve localities in northern, five in central, and four in southern Vietnam.

The number of voucher specimens of Pteranabropsis per locality varied between one and 14 specimens. The northern area of Vietnam appears to be a center of diversity for this Asian genus, as two additional species described from China, P. karnyi Wang et al. 2015 and P. crenatis Song et al. 2016, were found close to the border with Vietnam.

Four of the seven localities in which Pteranabropsis was found hosted two species of the genus, two localities had only one species, and one locality had three species.

Four of the seven species from Vietnam reported in this paper were found at a single locality, two species in two localities, and only one species, P. carli, in five localities. The latter species was also reported from nearby localities in southern China (Song et al. 2016).

Gorochov (1998) reported that at Tam Dao, P. carli and P. carnarius were found in the same vegetation on leaves and twigs in the undergrowth of forests. He assumed that they live a similar mode of life as “waiting predators“. On the other hand, one might assume that species with a similar way of life living together in the same habitat have at least some degree of specialization for using their environment. From the striking difference in the length of the tibial spines between these two species (compare Fig. 6A–B vs. J–K), one might assume that they could be adapted to prey of different size.

Taxonomy

Key to species of Pteranabropsis Gorochov, 1988

Remark: The Chinese species are included according to the descriptions and images in Wang et al. (2015) and Song et al. (2016).

1	Third thoracic sternite (metasternum) consisting of a pair of triangular plates with pointed apex. Hind margin of male subgenital plate truncate. Paraproctal outgrowths tapering apically, slightly exceeding hind margin of subgenital plate, with apex acute and strongly diverging. Tibet	P. tibetensis Wang, Liu & Li, 2015
–	Either third thoracic sternite terminating into a pair of long cones (Fig. 2H–M) or, if consisting of a pair of triangular plates (Fig. 2N–P), then male subgenital plate with incision from apical margin (Fig. 2E–G)	2
2	Third thoracic sternite terminating in a pair of roughly triangular plates without or with only short apical cones (Fig. 2N–P). Male subgenital plate with incision from apical margin (Fig. 2E–G). Paraproctal outgrowths in subapical area not or only moderately widened or more strongly swollen and then gradually narrowing into tip; tip pointing slightly dorso-apicad (not strongly upcurved) with a minute sclerotised peg, pad, or rim at tip (Fig. 4E–K)	3
–	Third thoracic sternite terminating in a pair of widened elongate plates with long roughly cylindrical apical area or more strongly widened at base and step-like narrowed into narrow apical area (Fig. 2H–M). Male subgenital plate with apical margin truncate or slightly concave, without incision (Fig. 2A–D). Paraproctal outgrowths at end strongly upcurved forming a projection narrowing toward tip, terminating into a minute stiffened tooth, pad or rim at tip (Figs 3A–N, 4A–D)	11
3	Hind wings for the most part dark brown (Fig. 1J). Paraproctal outgrowths in subapical area with a distinct subapical ventral widening that acute-angularly narrows towards tip; at tip with a minute, compressed, sclerotised pad (Fig. 4E–G). Ventral spines of fore tibia very long, distinctly longer than in most other species of the genus; longest spines 3.1–3.3 × longer than the width of the tibia (Fig. 6J–K)	P. carnarius Gorochov, 1998
–	Ventral spines of fore tibia less prolonged, less than three times the width of the tibia; longest spines 2.2–2.8 × longer than the width of the tibia in Vietnamese species. Hind wings often greyish or brownish, subtransparent (Fig. 1H–I). Paraproctal outgrowths of different shape, in subapical area only slightly or not at all widening	4
4	Male subgenital plate with apical incision U-shaped (Fig. 2E–F) or rimiform	5
–	Male subgenital plate with apical incision V-shaped (Fig. 2G)	7
5	Paraproctal outgrowths in middle narrowed, in subapical area faintly widened and lateral surface slightly swollen, narrowing as an elongate oval object towards rounded tip that carries a minute sclerotised pad (Fig. 4H–I). Posterior area of subgenital plate faintly widening apically, with U-shaped incision from apical margin (Fig. 2F). Female subgenital plate with narrow apical area very short, less than half the length of the triangular anterior area (Fig. 5H). Medium sized species (body male 25 mm, tegmen male 40 mm, tegmen female 34 mm). North Vietnam	P. pusilla sp. nov.
–	Paraproctal outgrowths without subapical widening, only faintly curved dorsad. Chinese species	6
6	Tip of metasternal lobes with a very short cone. Posterior margin of male subgenital plate with a very narrow incision (rimiform). Paraproctal outgrowths in apical area faintly sinuate but of sub-equal width as preceding area; tip membranous, triangular with a stiffened apical rim (after fig. 2E in Song et al. 2016). Female subgenital plate with narrow apical area shorter than triangular anterior area (about half as long). Large species (body male 33–35 mm, tegmen male 44–47 mm, tegmen female 49 mm after Song et al. 2016). China (Hubei, Guangxi, Chongqing, Guizhou)	P. crenatis Song, Bian & Shi, 2016
–	Posterior margin of male subgenital plate with a U-shaped incision. Posterior area of subgenital plate rather strongly widening apically. Paraproctal outgrowths largely surpassing tip of subgenital plate, from ventral side with obtuse tips (after drawing 9 in Wang et al. 2015, the exact shape was not described). Large species (body male 33 mm, tegmen 41 mm after Wang et al. 2015). China, Yunnan	P. tenchongensis Wang, Liu & Li, 2015
7	Male subgenital plate with apical margin oblique but straight on both sides, in middle with a V-shaped incision with convex margins and obtuse bottom (Fig. 2G). Paraproctal outgrowths in subapical area not widened, only slightly curved dorsad; tip rounded, has a minute sclerotised lamella (Fig. 4J–K). Narrow apical process of female subgenital plate slightly shorter than triangular basal area and with subparallel margins; only in apical third narrowed to acute tip	P. guadun sp. nov.
–	Different combination of characters	8
8	Metasternal lobes acute triangular. Posterior margin of subgenital plate with V-shaped incision (after fig. 11 in Wang et al. 2015; in text described as “U-shaped“). Posterior area of subgenital plate not or at most faintly widening apically. Paraproctal outgrowths in subapical area straight with acute out-curved tips (after fig. 11 in Wang et al. 2015)	P. karnyi Wang, Liu & Li, 2015
–	Different combination of characters	9
9	Lateral margins of male subgenital plate not parallel in apical half. Paraproctal outgrowths in subapical area slightly sinuate but only faintly widened, at tip with a minute thorn or lamella (after fig. 6D in Song et al. 2016)	P. infuscata Wang, Liu & Li, 2015
–	Lateral margins of subgenital plate parallel in apical half	10
10	Incision of posterior margin of subgenital plate shallow, only reaching one sixth of subgenital plate length; occiput with three longitudinal brown stripes (after figs 1D, 7C, F in Song et al. 2016). Paraproctal outgrowths in subapical area straight with obtuse tip (after fig. 17 in Wang et al. 2015) or faintly upcurved but not widened with acute tip pointing dorso-posteriorly (after fig. 7E–F in Song et al. 2016)	P. parallela Wang, Liu & Li, 2015
–	Incision of posterior margin of subgenital plate deep, about a quarter of subgenital plate length; occiput with five irregular longitudinal brown stripes (after figs 1B, 3D, F in Song et al. 2016). Paraproctal outgrowths in subapical area rather strongly upcurved but not widened, terminating in a conical tip (after fig. 3E, G in Song et al. 2016)	P. incisa Song, Bian & Shi, 2016
11	Long-winged species; wings distinctly surpassing hind knees of stretched hind legs; tegmen wide (Fig. 1A). Hind wings when spread about 1.8 × wider than long. Male paraproctal outgrowths with dorsally expanded apical area oblique triangular with curved margins and with blunt tip that carries a narrow stiffened lamella at dorso-apical margin (Fig. 3A–D). Female subgenital plate with triangular basal area (1.25–1.45 × longer than wide at base) rather gradually changing into the narrow apical area (Fig. 5A–C)	P. carli (Griffini, 1911)
–	Brachypterous; wings reaching or only slightly surpassing hind knees of stretched hind legs; often not reaching tip of ovipositor (Fig. 1B–G). Male paraproctal outgrowths of different shape	12
12	Metasternal lobes with wide basal area more distinctly separated from cylindrical apical area (Fig. 2H, M). Tegmen wider, about 2.2–2.4 × longer than wide (Fig. 1C–E). When spread, hind wings appear semi-circular with straight fore margin (about 1.4 × wider than long). Dorsally expanded apical area of male paraproctal outgrowths elongate with proximal and distal margins less strongly converging, at tip truncate and provided with a narrow sclerotised lamella; distal margin substraight to faintly concave (Fig. 4A–D). Female subgenital plate moderately wide at base, the elongate-triangular basal area longer than the narrow apical area; at the transition zone between both areas with a pair of narrow, elongate lateral depressions separated by a narrow ridge in between (Fig. 5D–F)	P. copia sp. nov.
–	Metasternal lobes gradually narrowing from the wide basal to the cylindrical apical area (Fig. 2I–L). Tegmen narrower, 2.6–2.9 × longer than wide. The spread hind wings appear semi-oval with straight fore margin (about 1.7–1.8 × wider than long)	13
13	Metasternal lobes with the cylindrical apical area very stout, not distinctly separated from wider basal area, external margin convex or straight (Fig. 2L). Male paraproctal outgrowths in apical area only slightly widening dorsad and at dorsal angle provided with a small, dorso-ventrally compressed projection pointing apicad and carrying at tip a stiffened pad; ventral margin of outgrowth with apical angle widely rounded in lateral view; hind margin of outgrowth in apical view truncate and somewhat widened (Fig. 3J–N)	P. angusta sp. nov.
–	Metasternal lobes with the cylindrical apical area less stout, external margin in the transient zone between wide basal and narrow apical area concave (Fig. 2I, K)	14
14	Rather robust species with narrow fore wings (2.9 × longer than wide), hind wings more strongly reduced (Fig. 1B). Male paraproctal outgrowths in apical area with a large, acute-triangular dorsal projection that terminates into a minute stiffened pad; hind margin of outgrowth in lateral view slightly concave, at ventral angle narrowly rounded (Fig. 3E–I)	P. cuspis sp. nov.
–	Fore wings wider (2.6–2.7 × longer than wide), hind wings less reduced, when spread more cycloid (Fig. 1G). Female subgenital plate moderately wide at base, the elongate-triangular basal area longer than the narrow apical area; at the transition zone between both areas the lateral margins are suddenly constricted such that the narrow apical area has nearly subparallel margins and only at end narrows to acute tip (Fig. 5G)	P. bavi sp. nov.

Description of taxa

Pteranabropsis Gorochov, 1988

Type species.—

Type species: Anabropsis carli Griffini, 1911.

Description.—

Large to medium sized species (Fig. 1). General color dark brown to black with irregular light pattern. Head large, ovoid; forehead subsmooth with very fine transverse striation. Fastigium verticis swollen and elevated, surface smooth, with faint depression along midline; lateral ocelli on lateral surfaces of elevation. Face with fastigium frontis separated by a transverse furrow from fastigium verticis. Pronotum with well-defined rim; without lateral angles separating disc from paranota; with indication of a transverse furrow separating a slightly swollen, dorsally flattened, posterior area from funnel-shaped anterior area; anterior and posterior margins substraight in middle, ventral margins convex; hind margin of paranota with humeral angle simply rounded. Prosternal lobes near base compressed triangular, afterwards long spiniform, thin; mesosternal lobes in basal area wide, afterwards elongate, conical to nearly cylindrical with obtuse tip; metasternal lobes varying between species, forming either a simple, roughly triangular plate or with a long sub-cylindrical apical extension (Fig. 2H). Abdomen without stridulatory teeth. Wing length varying among species from slightly longer than covering abdomen to largely surpassing knees of stretched hind legs. Venation of tegmen in fully winged species with two radius and two media branches, cubitus anterior with three branches, cubitus posterior undivided, with 5–6 anal veins. In species with shortened wings the number of media and cubitus branches can be reduced. Fore coxa with a strong spine at swollen anterior surface; also mid-coxa with a smaller spine at anterior surface. Fore tibiae with large uncovered tympana on both sides (Fig. 6). Prothoracic spiracle with three covering valves (Fig. 6D, M, R, V), slightly larger than meso- and metathoracic spiracles that have only two covering valves (Fig. 6C). Number of spines on ventral margins of femora and hind tibiae somewhat variable between species. Fore and middle tibiae with 4 pairs of long spines and one pair of apical spurs on ventral margins (Fig. 6); anterior tibia with one long spine on dorsal inner and an apical spur on both margins, the inner (anterior) distinctly longer than the outer spine; mid tibia with two spines and one spur on dorsal outer and 2–3 spines and one spur on dorsal inner margins.

Fig. 1.

Habitus dorsal view of Pteranabropsis species. A. P. carli (Griffini, 1911) female; B. P. cuspis sp. nov. male; C–E. P. copia sp. nov. male (C), female from Copia (D), and female from Hoang Lien (E); F. P. angusta sp. nov. male; G. P. bavi sp. nov. female; H. P. guadun sp. nov. female; I. P. pusilla sp. nov. male; J. P. carnarius Gorochov, 1998 male. Scales 10 mm.

Fig. 2.

A–G. Male subgenital plate; H. Thoracic sternites; I–P. Metasternum of Pteranabropsis species: P. carli (Griffini, 1911) (A, J); P. cuspis sp. nov. (B, H); P. copia from type locality (C, M); P. angusta sp. nov. (D, L); P. carnarius Gorochov, 1998 (E, N); P. pusilla sp. nov. (F, O); P. guadun sp. nov. (G, P); P. copia from Hoang Lien (I); P. bavi sp. nov. (K). Abbreviations: c1 – fore coxa, c2 – mid coxa, c3 – hind coxa, s1 – prosternum, s2 – mesosternum, s3 – metasternum, th – throat with lateral hemispherical sclerites and pair of papillae, pr – underside of pronotum. Scales 1 mm.

Male. Ninth abdominal tergite very short; with two short obtuse expansions on hind margin widely separated from each other. Tenth abdominal tergite also very short, with a pair of upcurved hooks inserted just laterally of the expansions of ninth tergite. Paraprocts with a long roughly cylindrical process, its shape, especially the apical area, varies between species (paraproctal outgrowth, Fig. 3–4). Epiproct triangular with shallowly grooved or furrowed surface; tip subobtuse. Subgenital plate in widened basal area with upcurved lateral margins; central disc projecting with parallel or slightly diverging and straight or concave lateral margins; styli present (Fig. 2A–G). Phallus membranous (Fig. 7).

Fig. 3.

Male paraproctal outgrowths in full or only apical area in lateral (A–D, F–G, J–K), apical (E, I, L, M), ventro-apical (H), and dorsal view (N). A–D. P. carli (Griffini, 1911) four males from Tam Dao (A–B), Cuc Phuong (C), and Ngo Luong (D); E–I. P. cuspis sp. nov. two males from Ngo Luong; J–N. P. angusta sp. nov. two males from Cuc Phuong. Scales 1 mm.

Fig. 4.

A–K. Male paraproctal outgrowths in full or only apical area in lateral (A–B, E–F, H, J), apical (C–D, G), ventro-apical (I), and oblique apical view (K); L–O. Female abdominal apex with ovipositor in lateral view. A–D. P. copia (2 males); E–G. P. carnarius Gorochov, 1998 (two males from Tam Dao, in F the hindmost outgrowth is twisted upside down); H–I. P. pusilla sp. nov.; J–K. P. guadun sp. nov.; L–M. P. copia sp. nov. from Copia (L) and Hoang Lien (M); N. P. bavi sp. nov.; O. P. guadun sp. nov. Scales 1 mm, scale for ovipositor 10 mm.

Female. Seventh abdominal sternite unmodified, longer than sixth sternite. Subgenital plate triangular with extended apical projection; shape somewhat variable between species (Fig. 5). Ovipositor elongate, moderately curved throughout; ventral valves shorter than dorsal valves; tip of dorsal valves obtuse, tip of ventral valves acute but hidden under dorsal valves; medial valves narrow, slightly shorter than ventral valves (Fig. 4L–O).

Fig. 5.

Female subgenital plate of A–C. P. carli (Griffini, 1911) from Hoang Lien (A–B) and Tam Dao (C, in oblique view); D–F. P. copia sp. nov. from Hoang Lien (D–E) and Copia (F); G. P. bavi sp. nov.; H. P. pusilla sp. nov.; I. P. guadun sp. nov.; J–K. P. carnarius Gorochov, 1998 from Tam Dao (J) and from BaVi (K, abdomen laterally compressed). The white arrows point at the small lateral grooves, constrictions or faint steps of the subgenital plates. Scales 1 mm.

Etymology.—

The genus name Pteranabropsis Gorochov, 1988 is derived from the name Anabropsis Rehn, 1901. The gender of Anabropsis is feminine, this should also apply to Pteranabropsis. However there are three species names with the masculine ending -us: P. carnarius, P. parallelus, and P. infuscatus. The Latin word carnarius means “meat eater“ and can thus be regarded as noun in apposition. In contrast, the Latin word parallelus is an adjective and infuscatus a participle. Both names should be emended to the feminine forms P. parallela Wang, Liu & Li, 2015 and P. infuscata Wang, Liu & Li, 2015 (ICZN 1999, Agreement in gender, Art. 31.2 and 34.2).

Pteranabropsis carli (Griffini, 1911)

urn:lsid:Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:20152

Figs 1A, 2A, 2J, 3A–D, 5A–C, 6A–E, 7A–F; photos of holotype in OSF (Cigliano et al. 2018)

Holotype (male, not seen).—

Vietnam: “Tonkin“ (northern area of Vietnam) (Genève, MHNG).

Material examined.—

Vietnam: Hoang Lien NP, 22°21'N, 103°46'20"E, 1–5.vii.2013, leg. J. Constant & J. Bresseel (I.G. 32.454), 2 females (Brussels, ISNB); Hoa Binh Prov., Cuc Phuong National Park, 20°19'N, 105°36'30"E, 11–18.viii.2010, leg. J. Constant & P. Limbourg (I.G. 31.668), 1 male (Brussels, ISNB); Ngo Luong Nat. Res., 20°26'16"N, 105°20'15"E, 25–30.vii.2016, leg. J. Constant & J. Bresseel (I.G.: 33.282 GTI project), 1 male (Brussels, ISNB); Nguyen Binh, Cao Bang, Phia Den (Phia Ðén), 22°34'N, 105°53'0"E, 8.viii.2010, leg. J. Constant & P. Limbourg (I.G. 31.668), 1 female (Brussels, ISNB); Prov. Vinhfu, Tam Dao N.P., 21°31'N, 105°33'E, 25–28.viii.2010, leg. J. Constant & P. Limbourg (I.G. 31.668), 2 females (Brussels, ISNB); same locality, 25–30.vii.2011, leg. J. Constant & J. Bresseel (I.G. 31.933), 4 females, 2 males (Brussels, ISNB). Identification based on the description in Gorochov (1998).

Diagnosis.—

P. carli is characterized by the long and moderately wide fore wings; the longest ventral spines of the fore tibia are more than twice as long as the diameter of the tibia. The genicular area of all legs is usually whitish, rarely slightly infumate. The paraproctal outgrowths have the apical area suddenly upcurved, are roughly triangular with the obtuse tip faintly curved posteriorly, and carrying along dorsal margin a fine, compressed, stiffened lamella. The female subgenital plate has the elongate triangular basal area with substraight to slightly concave lateral margins. The narrow apical area is only slightly shorter than the basal area, about three quarters of the basal area.