—Calamus linearis Saussure, 1861 by original designation.

-As in key to genera. Size variable from medium to large, sexual dimorphism marked. Body very elongate, slender, straw-like. Antenna ensiform, strongly compressed, shorter than head and pronotum together. Head very elongate, narrow, conical. Fastigium of vertex more than twice length of basal part of head, with parabolic apex. Frontal ridge in upper half strongly, lamelliformly compressed, gradually widening in lower half. Pronotum short with well-developed medial carina and straight, parallel, lateral carinae with strong longitudinal ridges between them. Two sulci crossing dorsum; metazona shorter than prozona with roundly excurved posterior margin. Mesosternal interspace closed. Tegmina well developed with dense venation and reticulation; wings shorter, sometimes much shorter. Hind femur very narrow, not reaching end of abdomen; external upper lobe of hind knee strongly elongate; lower lobes moderately elongate, of equal length. Male supra-anal and subgenital plates elongate, acutely angular; cerci short, conical. Epiphallus with narrow bridge, moderately large ancorae and very large lobiform lophi (Fig. 13). Ovipositor unspecialized.

-The systematics of this genus are in a confused state. Numerous species have been described, but the majority was subsequently synonymized under the senior synonym Cannula gracilis (Burmeister, 1838). Roy (2003) described a new West African species from Mt. Nimba (Cannula vestigialis Roy, 2003). The only species recorded in East Africa is Cannula gracilis. This differs from the other common species, C. karschi (Kirby, 1910), not to date recorded in East Africa, in its slenderer build and in having shortened hind-wings.

-Holotype female: SOUTH AFRICA, Cape of Good Hope (MfN). Also: ETHIOPIA: L. Haradaka; L. Zwai; Mulu, above Mugor valley; nr. Adama, Bakuru Bridge, Didessa R. rd. UGANDA: Entebbe; Kawanda; Adachal; Kapeka; Bugwere; Mubende; Tororo; Teso; West Nile; Adjumani; Acholi; Karamoja. TANZANIA: Lotanguru; Tukuyu; Tabora; Old Shinyanga; Morogoro; Itymbya, 30 mi. W. Kahama; Ushirombo rd. 22 mi. W. Kahama; Mkwemi; Lake Rukwa. KENYA: Thika; Thiala hills; Lake Rudolf; Nairobi.

-As for the genus. Whole insect figured in Dirsh (1965): 413, fig. 328. Coloration variable, mostly in shades of stramineous and light brown, but also greyish, with fire-melanic forms common. Black spot on hind wing appears and intensifies with maturation.

-Widespread in Africa south of the Sahara.

-A strict graminicole, largely confined to savanna grasslands.

-Popov’s original manuscript did not treat Glyphoclonus further, but it seems appropriate to include a brief description here:

—Glyphoclonus miripennis Karsch, 1896, by original monotypy.

-MALAWI, Milanji.

-(From Dirsh 1965). Of medium size, with very elongate body. Integument strongly carinate. Antenna ensiform, strongly compressed, slightly shorter than head and pronotum together. Head elongate, acutely conical, strongly carinate above; fastigium of vertex longer than longest diameter of eye, with broadly parabolic apex; fastigial foveolae absent; frons straight, frontal ridge in upper half strongly compressed, plate-like, in lower half slightly widening, sulcate in whole length, with high lateral carinulae. Eyes small, slightly flattened. Prosternum without process. Mesosternal interspace open, strongly constricted in middle. Elytra and wing fully developed; elytra narrow, with dense, rough venation; intercalary vein of medial area present. Wings brightly colored. Hind femur moderately narrow; external apical lobe of hind knee enlarged, slightly projecting downwards, inner one not specialized; external lower lobe slightly elongate-angular, shorter than upper; inner one of normal shape. Arolium large. Male supra-anal plate elongate-angular. Cercus slightly compressed, with obtuse apex. Subgenital plate elongate, acutely conical. Epiphallus (Fig. 14) with narrow bridge, moderately large ancorae and large, lobiform lophi. Ovipositor short, robust, with slightly curved valves; lower valve with relatively large external lateral projection.

—The genus is monotypic, with only one known species. No changes in status are recommended.

-The generic description applies. Bases of hind wings in mature adult dark red, yellow, or orange. Abdominal tergites banded in dark blue.

-Found principally in the African Sahel region, from SENEGAL to CHAD, but also occurs in D.R. CONGO, MALAWI, and UGANDA: Adjumani and W. Busoga.

-Fishpool and Popov (1984) record the species in MALI as being gramnivorous and mesophilous. In Uganda it occurs in dry grass savanna.

—Culmulus stramineus Uvarov, 1953, by original designation.

Description.—As in key to genera. Small, body elongate, slender, straw-like. Integument ridged. Antenna ensiform, broad at base, as long as, or longer than, head and pronotum. Head elongate, narrowly pointed. Fastigium longer than longest diameter of eye, with parabolic vertex and medial carinula. Foveolae absent. Frontal ridge with margins lamelliformly compressed above antennal sockets, divergent below. Pronotum short, narrow with sharp parallel carinae. Dorsum crossed by two sulci. Metazona shorter than prozona, its hind margin obtuse-angular. Mesosternal interspace strongly constricted, open. Tegmina and wings fully developed, acutely pointed apically; venation and reticulation dense. Hind femur narrow, slender, not reaching tip of abdomen. Lobes of hind knee of equal length. Apex of male abdomen (Fig. 44). Epiphallus (Fig. 15).

Measurements.—See Table 1.

Discussion.—The genus contains two described species: stramineus Uvarov, 1953 and crassior Uvarov, l953, both described from Angola, but only the former reaches eastern Africa.

-Holotype male: ANGOLA: Moxico distr., Villa Luso (NHMUK).

-As for the genus. General coloration light stramineous, somewhat darker dorsally; hind wing with base black.

-Superficially this species is very similar to Parga spp., but differs in the following respects: antennae of simple unmodified ensiform structure, longer than head and pronotum; integument not as deeply ridged as in Parga; frontal ridge lamelliformly compressed in its upper third; lobes of hind knee are not enlarged; male epiphallic structures are as in Fig. 15, quite distinct from those in Parga (Fig. 34).

-See Table 1.

-ANGOLA, TANZANIA: S. of Uvinza, ZAMBIA: Mweru wa Ntipa. Adults VII–IX.

—Brachyphlaeobella achilles Jago, 1983b, by original designation.

-As in key to genera (pp. 44, 45). Known only from the female types. Superficially most like Afrophlaeoba Jago but smaller. Antennae short and robust, weakly dilated basally. Fastigium of vertex about as wide as long; medial carinula weak, interrupted by transverse arcuate sulcus positioned slightly ahead of edge of compound eyes. Frontal ridge with lateral margins rounded and gradually fading below level of antennal sockets (sharp and entire down to clypeal suture in Afrophlaeoba). Pronotal prozona about 1.5x as long as greatest width of pronotal disc (proportionately longer in Afrophlaeoba). Lateral carinae weakly excurved; rear margin of metazona medially emarginate. Tegmina strap-like, slender and small, 6x longer than wide, barely extending half-way across first abdominal tergite. Tympanic membrane reduced, less than half width of first tergite and not covered by tegmen. Genital structures and hind knee-lobes unspecialized.

-The genus is rare and, being small, is easily overlooked and could be mistaken for nymphs of other genera such as Paralobopoma and Odontomelus.

-Holotype female and paratype female: UGANDA: Kigezi, Impenetrable Forest Res. 29°42’E, 01°00’S; Kigezi, 13 miles Kabale-Kisoro rd.; IX. (NHMUK).

-Females. As for the genus. Vertex, occiput, pronotal disc and thorax wrinkled and rugose. Coloration light to dull brown, with lighter brown lateral carinae. One specimen with dark brown sides and a pale ochre dorsal stripe.

-S.W. UGANDA.

—Platyverticula ritchiei Jago, 1983b, by original designation.

-As in the key to genera (pp. 44, 45). Of medium size, rather robust, superficially similar to Chokwea. Antennae thick, in male about 1.5x length of head and pronotum, in female slightly shorter; basal 3–4 segments of flagellum weakly flattened and broadened. Head acute in profile with frontal ridge straight, its margins wavy and irregular, constricted above ocellus, markedly divergent below it, but not constricted at junction with fastigium. Fastigium of vertex longer than broad in male, as broad as long in female. Arcuate transverse sulcus in forward position, but markedly less so than in Chokwea spp. Pronotal prozona lightly inflated in profile; posterior transverse sulcus forwardly arched, more so in female. Lateral carinae regularly incurved in prozona, flared outwards in metazona; hind margin of latter obtusely angularly emarginate. Tegmina symmetrically ovoid, their apices roughly level with hind margin of first abdominal tergite. Tympanum moderately developed, barely covered by tegmina. Hind femora moderately heavy, stockier than those of Chokwea; lobes of hind knee rounded. External and internal genital structures in male of characteristic shape (Fig. 59). In female, genital structures are even more characteristic (Fig. 59A), especially in the truncated retractile ovipositor valves and tiny triangular vestigial cerci.

-A remarkable monotypic genus known only from Somalia. The specialized genital structures, particularly of the female, are unlike those of any other genus in this group, and indeed among the Acridinae as a whole. According to Jago (1983b: 120), the retractile ovipositor of Platyverticula resembles that of the North American gomphocerine Chloealtis spp., which are known to oviposit in rotten wood and even animal dung, suggesting a similar highly specialized egg-laying behavior in Platyverticula.

The original description included a second species, P. eucteana Jago, 1983 from northern Zambia, which is here transferred to the genus Chokwea (pp. 49). The cerci are unmodified in P. eucteana and similar in structure to those in Chokwea spp.

-Holotype male and allotype female: SOMALIA, Kismayu, littoral dune slack in and around grounds of Wamu Hotel, 28.vii.1981, J.M. Ritchie (NHMUK).

-As for the genus. Figured in Jago (1983b): 118, figs 52–56. Distinctive species with unique pronotal disc and genital structures in both sexes. Coloration in shades of dark and lighter browns, without any traces of brighter pigmentation.

-Known only from the type locality in SOMALIA. According to the collector (cited in Jago l983b), the species occurs under Cordia sp. bushes, which are approximately 1 m high x 2 m in diameter, growing within 500 m of the high tide line; this zone integrates with trees and bushes some 18 m high, forming a woodland. The bushes on the dunes are separated by bare sand.

—Odontomelus usambaricus Ramme, 1929: 260, by original designation.

-As in the key to genera (pp. 44, 45). Of medium size, slender, superficially fairly similar to Odontomelus, but systematically nearest to Parodontomelus and Paralobopoma. Antennae narrowly ensiform, slender; in male somewhat longer than combined length of head and pronotum, in female always shorter. Frontal ridge very narrow with strong raised linear margins, more or less narrowed at medial ocellus, moderately divergent below. Pronotal disc rather broad, in females slightly inflated and about twice as long as wide; rear margin broadly emarginate. Lateral carinae strong, parallel or slightly divergent, in females sometimes slightly outcurved, only typical (hindmost) transverse sulcus strong, others weak or absent. Tegmina narrow, 4–5x as long as wide. Subgenital plate of male bluntly pointed, its dorsal tip enclosed by dorsal fusion of its cuticular tip (Fig. 57). Knees of hind femora unmodified, lobes rounded. Epiphallus (Fig. 17) closely similar to that in Paralobopoma (Fig. 16) and Parodontomelus. Coloration rather dull and uniform, predominantly in shades of brown.

-Jago (1983b) illustrates the genus and gives keys to all four species.

-No taxonomic changes are proposed, redefinition of the East African species is not attempted.

—Acteana brachyptera Karny, 1915: 132, by subsequent designation.

-As in key to genera (pp. 44, 45); figured in Jago (1983b): 105–106, figs 29–36. Superficially fairly similar to Afrophlaeoba but pronotal disc much narrower in prozona, and lateral carinae strongly divergent in metazona. Tegmina of similar length, but markedly broader than in Afrophlaeoba. Distinctive features are as follows: Antennae slightly flattened and broadened basally and evenly narrowing distally; in males always much longer than head and pronotum, in females sometimes shorter. Fastigium of vertex narrow and elongate; medial carinula strong, but transverse sulcus weak or absent, level with front margin of compound eyes. Disc of pronotum: length-width ratio of prozona 2.5–3.0. Tegmina short and broad; length-width ratio 2.0–2.9. Hind-wing rudimentary much shorter than tegmen. Hind femora deep at base and very slender towards knee; length-depth ratio 4.2–5.1. Hind knee unmodified. Genital structures as in Afrophlaeoba.

-Johnsen (1990) transferred Chokwea stoltzei Johnsen, 1983 to Parodontomelus. Further, since Popov’s orginal draft, two new East African species have been added to the genus: Parodontomelus microptilus Baccetti, 1997 from SOMALIA, and Parodontomelus luci Hochkirch, 1998 from the Udzungwa Mts. of TANZANIA. Hochkirch (1998) also restored Parodontomelus arachniformis Jago, 1983 from synonymy. Hochkirch (1998) gives a revised key to the species; a modified version of this is presented below instead of Popov’s original, as that included only three species.

-Holotype male stoltzei: TANZANIA: Uluguru mts., Kimboza forest, 18.VII.1981 Stoltze and Scharff (ZMUC).

-As in key above. Other diagnostic features include the following: antennae brownish to brownish black; exceptionally long. General coloration striking and variable; predominantly buff-pale brownish, with a contrasting dark lateral band extending from antennal sockets across genae to upper edge of lateral pronotal lobe, sometimes invading hind part of metazona of disc, then upper part of pleura and to lower side of tegmen and tapering along side of abdominal tergites. Hind knee and most of hind tibia black, hind tarsus pale brownish. Upper area of tegmen and external and internal lower areas of hind femur sometimes reddish. Large size distinctive (see measurements in Johnsen 1983).

-E. TANZANIA: Uluguru Mts.

-Holotype female: TANZANIA: nr. Dar es Salaam (NHMV).

-As in key above. Differs from the other members of genus in its combination of uniformly brown tegmina and robust hind femora and, in male, by hind femur length/depth ratio of 4.3. General coloration in dull shades of brown.

-Known only from the type locality, but probably occurs in other local forest relicts in the coastal area.

-Holotype male: TANZANIA: W. Usambara Mts., Mazumbai Forest Res., Vl. 1967 (NHMUK).

-As in key above. Known only from the unique male type. Similar to P. brachypterus in uniform brownish coloration of tegmina, but fastigium of vertex and pronotal disc narrower.

-TANZANIA: Eastern end of W. Usambara Mountains, in relict forest.

-Holotype male: TANZANIA: Pugu Hills, S.W. of Dar es Salaam, II. III. 1967, N.D. Jago (NHMUK).

-As in key above. Generally similar to P. stoltzei, but size smaller; apex of head and frontal ridge narrower, and tegmen shorter and deeper. Coloration similar to stoltzei but lacking light ochre facial markings.

-TANZANIA: known only from Pugu Hills.

-Popov’s original manuscript synonomized P. arachniformis Jago, 1983 under P. stoltzei. Although this was never actually published, Hochkirch (1998) contested the proposed synonomy and “prophylactically” restored arachniformis, mainly on the grounds of differences in the epiphallic lophi. We accept his arguments, and here list arachniformis and the subsequently described species O. luci and O. microptilus as valid species of the genus.

-Holotype male arachniformis: TANZANIA: E. Usambara Mts., Kwamkora For. Res., 7. IV. 1966, N.D. Jago (NHMUK).

-As in key above. Jago (1983) writes of male “Colour distinctive. Antennae black. Area between lateral carinae of frons grey or ochre, a band from base of antennae across genae being light brown to cream (sometimes fading on genae). Body with light brown dorsal stripe. Laterally dark brown stripe on head, as deep as eye, extending across lateral lobe of pronotum and occupying about upper two thirds of that lobe, or reduced in depth across head and forming black band across upper fifth of pronotal lateral lobe. Hind femora light brown, olivaceous externally, orange below and with apical quarter black. Hind tibiae black with black spines”. The female coloration is however variable. Hochkirch (1998) figures the epiphallic lophi of five species of the genus, showing differences in their outlines.

-TANZANIA: E. Usambara Mts.; Zanzibar: Bububu; Coast region: Mafia district: Utende; KENYA: Shimba Hills, Jilore Forest, W. of Malindi; Mrima Hill Forest, S. of Kakoneni.

-As in key above.

-TANZANIA: Udzungwa Mts.

-As in key above. Differs from all other species of the genus in being micropterous rather than brachypterous.

-SOMALIA: Basso Giuba, Belet Amin.

—Chokwea burri Uvarov, 1953: 154, 78, by original designation.

-As in the key to genera. Of medium size, slightly more robust and less elongate than Afrophlaeoba and Parodontomelus, with somewhat shorter and broader vertex and disc of pronotum. Arcuate transverse sulcus is always anterior to mid-point of fastigium, and often submarginal along to its front edge. Shape of pronotal disc variable in width and degree of flexure of lateral carinae but providing distinctive specific characters.

-The most widespread taxon in this genus group, being recorded from Angola and Botswana to D.R. Congo, Zambia, and Malawi to southwestern Tanzania. Chokwea, as originally described by Uvarov (1953), contained four new species: burri (the type species for the genus) from Angola; bredoi from Zambia; and backlundi and fitzgeraldi, both from Tanzania. The last two were removed by Jago (1983b) to his new genus Chromochokwea, but backlundi is reinstated here as a Chokwea sp. Chromochokwea Jago thus becomes a monotypic genus with fitzgeraldi as type species. Platyverticula eucteana Jago, 1983b is newly transferred to Chokwea because its phallic structures are more typical of that genus. In addition, Jago (1983b) described a new species C. malawii from the Chikangwa area of Malawi, while more recently Johnsen (1991) added another new species, C. forchhammeri, from the Serowe area of Botswana. Of the six current species of Chokwea just two, backlundi and eucteana (both from the Ufipa area of Tanzania), are recorded from eastern Africa.

The nomen dubium Chokwea testacea Otte, 1995 is not treated here.

-As in keys to genera and species. Rather robustly built, brightly colored species. Antennae very slightly compressed basally, reaching posterior edge of tegmina in male, markedly shorter in female. Pronotal disc particularly characteristic, with large shallow puncturation and with lateral carinae straight and parallel in prozona and weakly divergent in metazona, more markedly so in female. General coloration brownish with more or less olivaceous-green pigmentation; legs a brighter green; tegmina reddish.

-TANZANIA: Ufipa plateau.

-As in the keys to genera and species. Size large and build elongate for genus. Pronotal disc with strongly incurved lateral carinae. In pronotal morphology species resembles Platyverticula ritchiei, but its genital structures are typical of Chokwea. Coloration in subdued shades of brown and grey only.

-ZAMBIA: Abercorn, Mbala; TANZANIA: Ufipa, Mpui.

—Paralobopoma bugoiensis Rehn, 1914: 73, by original designation.

-As in key to genera (pp. 45). Close to Parodontomelus and Afrophlaeoba, but of somewhat more robust build, with shorter head and broader disc of pronotum, less than twice as long as wide. Antennae narrowly ensiform longer than head and pronotum together. Frontal ridge shallowly sulcate with obtuse carinulae. Fastigium of vertex elongate-parabolic with weak carinula and transverse sulcus just ahead of anterior edge of compound eyes. Pronotum weakly tectiform, median carina distinct; lateral carinae weaker, straight, parallel or weakly divergent and largely obliterated in metazona. Metazona about 1/3 length of prozona, its hind margin broadly emarginate. Tegmina reduced to narrow strap-like scales, their tips about level with hind margin of second abdominal tergite. Ovipositor unspecialized; male subgenital plate as in Parodontomelus. Hind femora with rounded genicular lobes. Coloration as a rule includes some green pigmentation, brighter in male. Color green or brown with a yellow marginal pronotal band, and often with a broad dark lateral stripe along upper margin of lateral pronotal lobes.

-In his revision of the genus, Jago (1983b) recognized four species. All species of the genus are found in or around the Western (Albertine) Rift Valley. P. sjostedti Ramme, 1931 was described from an unspecified locality in N.W. Tanzania, and is also known from extreme eastern D.R. Congo (Mt. Kabuzi, W. shore of Lake Kivu). P. viridifrons Jago, 1983 is widely distributed in W. Uganda. These are the only species of the genus known to occur in East Africa as it is politically defined. The other species are from eastern D.R. Congo or Rwanda. Jago (1983b) gives keys to all species. The genus is now in need of a further revision.

—Sumba roseipennis I. Bolívar, 1912: 78, by subsequent designation (I. Bolívar 1912).

—Diagnosis in key to genera above.

—While Rhabdoplea and Panzia can be defined on a suite of narrowly variable characters, Sumba is defined on characters subject to a wider range of variation. These include sculpturing of the integument which, in Sumba, varies from relatively fine (but always distinct) to very coarse and rugulose, although never showing the distinctive regular parallel ribbing of Rhabdoplea. Likewise, wing shape and venation show a wide range of variation from narrow with sparse reticulation (as in S. roseipennis, which is similar to Rhabdoplea), to broad with sparse reticulation (as in S. granulifera, which is similar to Panzia). Table 3 summarizes geographical variation in selected morphometric ratios.

The genus was first described by I. Bolívar (1909) in a key without any species included. In 1912 he described the first species, Sumba roseipennis. The present study reduces S. longicornis Ramme to a synonym of S. roseipennis and describes Sumba exilis sp. n. from the Ngaoundéré area of north central CAMEROON and western UGANDA.

Sumba species fall into two distinct clusters: first, the widespread S. roseipennis species group consisting of closely related taxa, which are also similar in appearance to Rhabdoplea (includes S. rubripes and S. exilis sp. n.), and second, three species in the S. semicarinata species group, also including S. punctata and S. granulifera, together with the fourth, S. callosa (transferred from Rhabdoplea), which are local, rather distinctive endemics, of which S. granulifera shows some similarity to Panzia uvarovi.

—Holotype female roseipennis: ZAMBIA (MRAC, Tervuren). Holotype male nigrescens: TANZANIA, Kalula (NHMUK). Paratype male longicornis: CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC, Ouham River, Bozoum (NHMUK).

Further material (NHMUK, unless stated otherwise): SOUTH AFRICA: Pretoria, IV. SWAZILAND (now ESWATINI): Mbabane. NAMIBIA: Waterberg (Nat. Mus. Nam., Windhoek). ANGOLA: Villa Luso; Quirimbo, 3 mi. N. of Santa Comba; Mt. Lubiri, 6 mi. N.W. Alto Hama. D.R. CONGO: Lubumbashi; Parc National de Garamba. ZIMBABWE: Mashonaland, Harare (as Salisbury). ZAMBIA: Mbala (Abercorn), Lake Chila; Mweru wa Ntipa; Chambosi River. TANZANIA: Plateau 5 mi. S.W. of Sumbawanga; 8 mi. S. of Chala Mission; Ushirombo Road, 16 mi. W. Kahama; 13 mi. S. Biharamulo; Katavi plains; 137 kms. Sumbawanga-Mpando. UGANDA: mile 60, Mubende-Masaka; mile 35, Mbarare-Masaka; Kampala; Mbarara; Koki; Koki-Lawanda; Kapeka; Masaka; Buhimba; Msaka-Lwango. CAMEROON: 27 km N.W. Banyo, Ngaoundéré.

—As in the key. Coloration similar to that in Rhabdoplea, in shades of stramineous and brown, occasionally in shades of grey. Greenish hues, mostly in dull olivaceous shades, occur locally and apparently represent populations from particularly wet and green habitats. Fire melanism common and may predominate in some series. Hind wings pink or yellow at base; usually somewhat infumate apically. Wing color forms often sympatric. Shade and depth of pigmentation varies, probably in relation to maturation; immature adults’ wings may be colorless.

—Geographical variation in S. roseipennis parallels that of Orthochtha dasycnemis (Gerstaecker). Thus, the more slender, elongate individuals with narrower wings and fastigia are from D.R. Congo (Lubumbashi), and the stouter ones, with broader wings and shorter fastigia, from South Africa and Namibia; specimens from the intermediate areas and West Africa, are of an intermediate build. Antennal length and width are also variable; stouter, more robust specimens in southern Africa have shorter antennae, while more slender ones in West Africa (the original S. longicornis) have longer antennae. Local variability is also great in some areas (populations in some parts of Uganda and Tanzania) whose structural differences almost span the extremes of the geographical range of variation. Specimens from near Chala Mission in N.E. Tanzania are as robust as those from Swaziland (now eSwatini), while those from near Biharamulo in N.W. Tanzania are as slender as those from Lubumbashi. The phallic structures, however, exhibit no notable differences between these populations. Table 4 gives morphometric data on roseipennis.

—A variable species of wide geographical distribution: TOGO to CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC, CAMEROON, D.R. CONGO, UGANDA, KENYA, TANZANIA, ZAMBIA, ZIMBABWE, ANGOLA, NAMIBIA, and SOUTH AFRICA.

—Holotype male, allotype female: CONGO REP., Brazzaville (MNHN, Paris). Paratypes 3 males, 3 females, CONGO REP., Brazzaville; Odzala (MNHN, but donated to NHMUK).

—As outlined in Key 2; differs from S. roseipennis in its longer and narrower antennae and different coloration. Males usually with a yellow medial dorsal band extending from fastigium to tip of tegmina; head and thorax greenish or brownish, underside yellow. Anterior and middle legs greenish, hind legs red, hind knee with some black; hind wings yellow, or rose at base, infumate apically. Some of the long paratype series are all black, presumably a result of fire melanism.

Females: coloration similar, but hind legs yellow. Table 4 gives morphometric data for rubripes.

—Closely similar to S. roseipennis. Apparently restricted to the Congo Republic.

—Known only from the original type material.

—Holotype male, CAMEROON: Scarp at Ngaoundéré, 23–27.Xl.1980, Jago and Popov; l male, 1 female paratypes, same data. UGANDA: l female, Mbarara, 1.1934, Johnston (NHMUK).

—Head and thorax coarsely sculptured in ridged shiny callosities and intervening furrows (Figs 82–83). Antennae moderately widened in basal third, cylindrical apically, in males slightly longer and in female shorter than combined length of head and pronotum. Head acute, face oblique, straight to weakly concave in profile; frontal ridge with well-defined margins, fastigial constriction marked. Fastigium longer than wide in both sexes, margins and medial carinula linear and distinct, arcuate sulcus in mid position (Figs 82–83). Dorsum of pronotum regularly tectiform, hind angle broadly rounded, carinae low but distinct; only typical and second sulci distinct; metazona/prozona ratio 2:3. Mesosternal lobes in both sexes weakly transverse, interspace longer than broad; metasternal interspace closed. Tegmina narrow, tapering and down-curved apically; venation and reticulation sparse, intercalary vein absent (Fig. 77A). External genital structures unspecialized, as in S. roseipennis. Phallic structures exceptionally small. Coloration in shades of light brown and stramineous, paler dorsally. Hind wings hyaline. Hind legs color of body; tibial spines black tipped. Table 4 gives morphometric data for exilis.

—Known to date only from CAMEROON and UGANDA. Quite possibly, the real distribution may be less disjunct than this suggests.

—Similar in size to S. roseipennis, but more slender build, sculpturing of dorsum of pronotum and colorless wings.

—Holotype male: ANGOLA: Moxico dist. (NHMUK).

-As in Key 1. Of medium size, rather slender. Integument shiny, coarsely punctured. Antenna slightly longer than combined length of head and pronotum. Frontal ridge rather thick, not sulcate, expanded above medial ocellus. Fastigium parabolic, about as wide as long, medial carinula distinct, arcuate sulcus well behind middle. Pronotal carinae thick, callose, but lateral carinae obsolete in metazona; metazona slightly shorter than prozona, its hind angle narrowly rounded. Tegmina extend beyond hind knees, venation sparse. Coloration uniformly buff with some scattered brown dots, particularly on face; sides of head and thorax somewhat darker. Wings hyaline. Table 4 gives morphometric data for punctata.

—A distinctive species only known from Angola and male holotype (females unknown).

—Known only from locality of unique holotype. ANGOLA, Moxico distr., Upper Luena valley.

-Holotype male: D.R. CONGO: Tenke, 30.VII-9. VIII.1931 (NHMUK); 1 paratype male, same data as type series. Besides the type, material examined from the following localities: 1 female, Elisabethville, 11–17.IX.1931, J. Ogilvie; l F, Sakania, IX.1931, A.A. Mackie; 1 male, 1 female, Nasantoye, XI–XII.1927, M. Burr (NHMUK); 1 male, 1 female, Lubumbashi, Bouvy (NHMUK). TANZANIA: 13 mi. S. Biharamulo; 29 mi S. Kibondo; 20 mi. S. Uvinza; 34 mi. S. Uvinza; IX.1964, N.D. Jago (NHMUK).

—As in Key 1. A distinctive species in its robust build, highly sculptured, rugose integument and broad tegmina and wings. Antennae rather narrow basally, in male slightly longer and in female shorter than combined length of head and pronotum. Frontal ridge rather broad with wavy margins; fastigial constriction weak. Fastigium parabolic, rather short, medial carinula distinct, arcuate sulcus behind middle (Fig. 88). Pronotal carinae thick, lateral irregularly wavy in prozona, obsolete in metazona; metazona slightly shorter than prozona. Tegmina extend beyond hind knee, broad, not tapering apically. Venation and reticulation very irregular. Coloration variable, ground pigment somewhat speckled in shades of brown and charcoal grey; hind femur and tibia brown, hind wings yellow basally, infumate apically. Table 4 gives morphometric data for semicarinata.

-D.R. CONGO, TANZANIA, ANGOLA, ZAMBIA (Dirsh 1970).

—Holotype male: ANGOLA: Villa Luso, Moxico dist. (NHMUK); 1 male, 2 females, same data as holotype; 5 females, Luchase dist.: river Lungue Bungu and river Quangu.

-As in Key 1. Antennae rather wide at base and slightly shorter than combined length of head and pronotum in both sexes. Frontal ridge rather narrow, weakly expanded between antennae, fastigial constriction narrow. Fastigium as in Fig. 87, its medial carinula weak. Pronotum and head granulate, but metazona longitudinally rugulose. Medial carina sharp, lateral carinae irregular in prozona, obsolescent in metazona. Tegmina broad, with very dense reticulation. Wings broad, with three anterior sectors produced and rounded apically. Genital structures of typical Sumba type, without specialized features. General coloration reddish-ochraceous to brownish. Antennae blackish. In some female specimens abdominal tergites have alternating broad dark and narrow light bands. Wings bright rose (ANGOLA) to vermilion (D.R. CONGO: Katanga), lightly infumate apically. Some specimens from burnt areas are dark brown with brighter colored wings Table 4 gives morphometric data for granulifera.

—Similar morphologically to Panzia uvarovi Miller but lacking specialized venation of latter. Generally larger and more robust than other Sumba species and distinctive in the peculiar granular sculpturing of its integument and the dense reticulation of the tegmina.

—D.R. CONGO: Katanga, ANGOLA, ZAMBIA: Mbala, Kafue river at Chingola and Kabundi forest at Chingola. The habitat was given as grassland, some burnt, and Brachystegia-Isoberlinia woodland (Johnsen 1984).

—Holotype male: ANGOLA: Moxico dist. river Munhango. (NHMUK). Type series including holotype 2 males ANGOLA, Moxico district, Munhango river, VIII; 1 male, 4 females, Villa Luso, V; 1 female, middle Luena river, V; 1 male, Langiliko river, VI; 3 males, 4 females, Mu-Simoj river, IX–X; 3 males, 2 females, Bihe district, Cohemba, VIII; 9 males, 10 females, Luchase dist., Quangu river, 5000’ (1524m), X. 1 male, 1 female, D.R. CONGO: Katanga (as Shaba) province, river Lubudi, XI.

—As in Key 1. A distinctive species recognizable by its very short fastigium (Fig. 86) and round, bulging eyes. Of medium size, integument rugose. Antennae slightly longer than head and pronotum together, weakly expanded and flattened at base. Frons convex in profile, practically parallel-sided with wavy margins; fastigial constriction very weak. Fastigium very broad and short. Eyes round, large, bulging. Pronotum weakly tectiform, its surface callose and rugose; medial carina smooth, lateral carinae callose and parallel in prozona, weaker and feebly divergent in metazona. Lateral lobes deeper than long, lower margin sinuate. Tegminal apices extend beyond hind knees of folded posterior femora. Venation fairly dense with incomplete false veins (Fig. 77). Coloration mottled reddish chocolate-brown and ivory-white with brown spots. Hind femur reddish-brown with blackish dots, knee blackish. Hind tibia dirty brown with black spines.

Wings infumate, sometimes rose at base. Table 4 gives morphometric data for callosa.

—This species and S. granulifera Uvarov, 1953 form a bridge morphologically between Sumba and Panzia.

-ANGOLA, D.R. CONGO.

-Johnsen 1984: 307 suggested that Rhabdoplea callosa might be synonymous with Sumba roseipennis, thus foreshadowing Popov’s transfer to the latter genus.

—Rhabdoplea munda Karsch, 1893: 70, designated by Kirby, 1910: 147.

—Rather wide frontal ridge, with well-defined margins and very weak fastigial constriction; parabolic fastigium with sharp margins and carinulae and arcuate sulcus behind middle. Pronotal sculpturing distinctive, including well-defined parallel lateral carinae and longitudinal callose striations. Micropterous and macropterous forms occur; latter with rather narrow tegmina and wings with loose venation and reticulation, plus presence of a distinct intercalary vein in medial field of tegmina. Epiphallus has rather short lophi, with elongate outer lobes (Fig. 64).

—Rhabdoplea s. str. now contains only the widespread R. munda Karsch, 1893, and the closely related R. angusticornis Uvarov, 1953 (ANGOLA). They share the same characteristic structure and sculpturing of pronotum and tegminal morphology described above. The medial field of the tegmina has a more transparent membrane and a rather looser reticulation than is usually found in Sumba spp.

—Male and female types: TOGO: Bismarckburg, (MfN, Berlin). Other specimens (*including micropterous insects): ETHIOPIA: Lake Zwai. SOUTH SUDAN: nr. Juba. UGANDA: *Kepeka, *Bulumezi, *Nakasongola, *Buddu Kakuto, *Luwero, Lango; Bwamba; Karamoja; Bugoma Forest; Adachal; Dokolo; Hoima. TANZANIA: Morogoro; Rukwa valley; Kafukola; Old Shinyanga; 30 mi. N. of Kahama.

—R. munda, by comparison with R. angusticornis, has antennae somewhat shorter and broader; proportionally longer pronotal metazona; prozona/metazona ratio in R. munda is 1.3 (angusticornis 1.8); hind margin of metazona convex (straight in angusticornis); is micropterous, or macropterous (angusticornis always micropterous). General coloration in shades of light brown to stramineous, with or without some darker speckling or striation. Narrow, pale, more or less distinct band present along lower side of genae and lateral pronotal lobes; dorsum and underside generally paler. Darker shades of brown may occur in micropterous form, with the dorsum light brown and sides dark brown; narrow lateral yellowish-white band is particularly contrasting, and hind femora are rusty-orange with dark knees. Table 5 gives morphometric data for R. munda.

—R. munda Karsch, 1893 and R. angusticornis Uvarov, 1953 are very similar in appearance. R. munda in macropterous form has wings extending well beyond the tip of the abdomen and the hind knees; in the micropterous form the wings are dorso-lateral, well separated dorsally, varying in shape, being scale-like, or attenuate, but seldom extending beyond the middle of the abdomen.

—R. munda is a widespread species, found in grasslands from western Africa to ETHIOPIA, eastern, central and southern Africa.

—Holotype female: ANGOLA: Moxico and Bihe distr., Upper Luena River (NHMUK).

—Differs from R. munda in narrower, longer antennae and in shorter metazona of pronotum with a straighter hind margin (for further details see under munda). Coloration as in the brachypterous form of munda. Micropterous. Table 5 gives morphometric data for R. angusticornis.

—Nothing published on its bionomics, but likely to be similar to R. munda.

—ANGOLA, CONGO REP. (Descamps and Donskoff 1968), RWANDA (Dirsh 1970), ZAMBIA (Johnsen 1984).

—Panzia uvarovi Miller, 1929: 68, by monotypy and original designation.

-Holotype male: TANZANIA: Kalula (NHMUK).

—As for genus. Tegmen with broad, rounded tip, opaque membrane and dense reticulation; wing broadly rounded, with sparse reticulation and regularly spaced, strongly serrated transverse veinlets of dark apical fascia (Fig. 76). Integument rugose and tuberculate. Antennae shorter than combined length of head and pronotum in both sexes (Fig. 75); moderately ensiform basally. Frontal ridge narrow, deeply sulcate, with well defined, irregularly wavy margins and very narrow fastigial constriction. Fastigium triangular, rounded apically, about as long as wide. Pronotum relatively narrow, median carina strong; lateral carinae weak and irregular in prozona, indistinct in metazona. Metazona subequal to prozona, its hind margin obtuse angular. Mesosternal lobes quadrate with rounded angles.

—Genital structures in Panzia closely resemble those of Sumba.

-Holotype male: TANZANIA: Kalula, 60 km S. of Tabora (NHMUK).

—As for the genus. Phallic structures as in Sumba. Coloration uniform pinkish-brown or brownish, without any notable markings, but occasionally with a narrow medial longitudinal dorsal stripe. Hind wings bright lemon-yellow to orange with a broad outer dark fascia. Measurements in Table 6.

—Apparently highly localized in central TANZANIA. Also in ZAMBIA (Kafue National Park).

—Ocnocerus bayaoi I. Bolívar, 1889: 99, pl. 1, f. 4, 4a, by original designation.

—See key to Ocnocerus genus group, p. 50.

—The genus includes two species, only one of which is East African. Details are given below.

—Holotype male bayaoi: ANGOLA: Duque de Bragança (original type lost); neotype chosen by Dirsh (1966). Holotype male burri Kevan, 1955: 74: ANGOLA: Villa Luso (NHMUK). Synonymized by Dirsh (1966): 378, who designated the neotype for the species.

—ANGOLA: In addition to the type localities, also recorded from: Moxico Dist. and Bihe Dist. (Uvarov 1953); Dundo; Xa-Ua, R. Luita, Cuilo; Zovo, Mabete, Caungula; Roure Dondo Sombo; Alto Chicapa; Lunda; Kalakembe; Shukote (Dirsh 1966).

—Holotype female: TOGO: Bismarckburg (MfN, Berlin).

—Smaller, and comparatively more slender, than O. bayaoi, with shorter and wider antennae (Fig. 74).

—West Africa: all countries from SENEGAL to NIGERIA, and Northern UGANDA (Arua, Adjumani, Acholi and Karamoja) in grassland savannas.

—Ocnocerus sulculatus Karsch, 1893, by original designation (Uvarov 1953:138).

—Holotype male: TOGO: Bismarckburg.

—See key to Ocnocerus genus group, p. 50. Similar to Ocnocerus, but antennae even shorter and more profoundly modified.

—Holotype male, ANGOLA: Moxico dist. Villa Luso (NHMUK), (synonymized by Dirsh 1970: 421).

—Antennae illustrated (Fig. 73).

—A rare but very distinctive species, with disjunct distribution. Found in clearings in wooded grassland habitats.

—TOGO, GHANA, ZAMBIA, ANGOLA: Route Dundo-Sombo; Cassa; Lovua; Xa-Ua, R. Luita, Cuilo. D.R. CONGO: Kalemie (05°56’S, 29°12’ E), xii; Katanga (as Shaba): Mujiaie, vii; Lulua: Kapanga (06°37’S 170 20’E) viii; Kasai: Kamonia (06°52’S, 20°56’E); Parc National de Garamba. UGANDA: Zoka Forest, Adjumani.

—Acteana neavei I. Bolívar, 1912: 79, here designated (NHMUK).

—Similar to Acteana in size and general appearance, but more robust. Integument as in Acteana. Antennae shorter than the combined length of head and pronotum. Pronotum straight, or weakly convex in profile; medial carina low, lateral carinae weak; hind margin broadly rounded with a small medial indentation. Mesosternal lobes as in Acteana, with broadly rounded angles, quadrate, or transverse in female. Metasternal interspace in both sexes narrow or closed. Tegmina lateral, scale-like, as in Acteana, but much broader, up to half the total length. Genital structures characteristic of Ocnocerus genus group: epiphallus with well developed ancorae (Figs 90, 91, 96).

—On the basis of its genital structures the new genus Anacteana clearly belongs to the Ocnocerus genus group, while Acteana, despite its superficial resemblance, must be regarded as a member of the Parga genus group. The two genera may be differentiated as follows:

A. neavei I. Bolívar, 1912, formerly attributed to Acteana, is now removed to the new genus Anacteana, erected here to accommodate the typical neavei recorded from its type locality in the Katanga province of D.R. Congo, to the Ufipa-Rukwa area of Tanzania and the adjacent Lungu area of Zambia, together with A. neavei burtti (subsp. n.) and A. hollisi (sp. n.) described here. A. neavei burtti occurs in a broad belt across central Tanzania from around Kilosa to Tabora and Kahama, whilst A. hollisi is recorded from the Gabela area of western Angola.

While in their size, rugosity, robust build and micropterism, the two species are superficially alike, they differ markedly in a number of structural features, as given in the keys and the diagnoses.

—Acteana neavei I. Bolívar, 1912 here designated.

—Holotype female: D.R. CONGO (as Congo Belge): Bunkeya-Lukafu (MRAC, Tervuren).

—See below, under nominate subspecies.

—Synonymies and references are given in the key and under the subspecies. This is a widespread species recorded from many localities in an area extending from north-central Tanzania to northwestern Zambia and the Katanga province of D.R. Congo. As might be expected from its micropterism and limited vagility, there is considerable geographical variation. The smaller, more slender specimens with the shortest, most dentate antennae are from Shinyanga-Kahama, and the bulkiest, with the longer, smoother and more slender antennae, are from the Ufipa-Katanga areas. At their extremes of variation, the two are sufficiently distinct to be regarded as separate species, but given the occurrence of intermediate forms, it is preferable to regard them as subspecies of neavei, with the typical subspecies at the southwestern and A. n. burtti subsp. n., named after its collector the late Eric Burtt, at the northeastern end of the range. The southern highlands of Tanzania appear to form a barrier between them.

—Besides Holotype – D.R. CONGO (as CONGO Belge): Bunkeya-Lukafu, (Shelford Neave) (MRAC, Tervuren). TANZANIA: 1 male, 1 female Ufipa, 17–18.xi.1963, D. Vesey-Fitzgerald, (NHMUK); ZAMBIA: 3 females, Abercorn, 30.i.1962, D.V-Fitzgerald; Mporokose Dist, Mweru wa Ntipa, 3 males, 2 females, 8–13.vii.1952; 5 males, 3 females, 20.X.1957; l male, l female, shore of Lake Tanganyika 1942, E. Burtt (NHMUK); 1 male, 2 mi. E. of Abercorn, in dry Miombo woodland, 7.X.1964; 2 males, 1 female, env. of Kalambo falls, N. of Abercorn, Miombo woodland, 4.X.1964, N.D. Jago (NHMUK). ZAMBIA (cited by Johnsen (1984: 302–304)): Chingola, Kabundi forest, in grassland within Brachystegia-Isoberlinia woodland, adults: VI, X & XII 1952; 5 males, 3 females, 20. x.19S7; 1 male, 2 mi. E. of Mbala (as Abercorn), in dry Miombo woodland, 7.x. 1964; 2 males, 1 female, env. of Kalambo falls N. of Mbala (as Abercorn), Miombo woodland, 4.X.1964, N.D. Jago (NHMUK).

—Comparatively stout, integument finely and uniformly rugulose. Antenna as in Figs 69–72. Head and pronotum as in Fig. 95; frons straight in profile. Pronotum weakly inflated in the middle; carinae low, thick and indistinct; prozona/metazona ratio 2.0–2.3 (Fig. 94); sternal plates as in Figs 68C, D. Tegmen parallel-sided with rounded apex, 1.5–2x as long as wide. Hind femur moderately robust. Genital structures as in Fig. 96, structure of epiphallus and spermatheca are particularly diagnostic. Coloration predominantly in shades of ochraceous; dorsum and sides of head and thorax, including tegmina and hind tibiae darker, and the underside and the lower sulcus of hind femur of a lighter hue; tibial spines tipped black. Otherwise no distinctive markings.

Females more uniformly colored than males.

—In Table 7.

-Cited by Johnsen (1984): ZAMBIA: Chingola, Kabundi forest, in grassland within Brachystegia-Isoberlina woodland, adults: V–IX & XII. In Katanga Province of D.R. CONGO, it differs somewhat from specimens in northern ZAMBIA and the adjacent parts of TANZANIA (ca. 8°10’ S, 31°33’ E) particularly in its smaller size (17.5 mm vs. 18–22 mm) and shorter and broader tegmina (length-width ratio 1.5 vs. 2.1). However, such differences are also found in the other subspecies and in the absence of adequate material, taxonomic distinction is not required.

—Holotype male: TANZANIA: Shinyanga, 5.xii.1947, E. Burtt (NHMUK). Paratypes: 5 males, 6 females, same data as the type; 6 males, 5 females, Shinyanga district, Tinde, ii.1945; 4 males, 5 females, Old Shinyanga, 25.XI.1950; 4 males, 5 females, Old Shinyanga, 25.XI.1950; 1 male, ditto, 22.VIII.1953; 1 female, ditto, 3.I.1959; 1 female, ditto, Block XI, 9.xii.1949; 1 male, 17 females, Ushorombo Road, 15 and 22 mi. W. Kahama, X, XI & XII, II. 1946–1948; 3 females, Mshugha, 35 mi. S.E. of Singida, 17. XII.1936; 1 female, Singida, 14 mi. N. of Kahama, 10. VIII.1953; l male, l female, Mpwapwa Mt. Wilkins 5500’ [06°23’S, 36°38’E], 26.XI.1948; 1 male, 2 females, Mpwapwa, 29. XI.1948; l male, Kibariani, 3.XII.1948 (all E. Burtt); l male, Galata Station, 60 mi. W. of Amani [09°05’S, 38°36’E], 17.VII.1937; l female, Lake Rukwa, 1949, G. Burnett (Paratypes: NHMUK; MRAC Tervuren; MNHN Paris).

—Differs from the nominate subspecies in more slender build and, in the Shinyanga populations in particular, in smaller size. Antennae generally shorter and more dentate. Pronotum less inflated, with sharper, more distinct carinae (Figs 92, 93). The sternal plates, tegmina and genital structures (Fig. 91) also exhibit some differences from those in A. n. neavei. Coloration variable in shades of ochraceous, grey and darker charcoal-grey. There is often a broad, pale ochraceous dorsal stripe, particularly in males; the females are generally more uniformly colored. The underside is pale brownish, or fawn, often with fine dark speckling; lower sulcus of hind femur yellowish, tibiae dark-brown, spines tipped blackish-brown.

—In Table 7.

—N., C., and W. TANZANIA.

—Holotype male: ANGOLA: 7 mi. W. Gabela [11.00’S, 14.30’E], 16–18.iii.1972, South African Exp. BM 1972; 2 female paratypes, same data as the Type (NHMUK).

—Similar in size, but more slender than A. n. neavei and closer in general appearance to the larger specimens of A. n. burtti from Singida and Mpwapwa. Sculpturing of integument as in neavei. Antennae proportionately longer and less dentate than in neavei, equal in male and subequal in female to the combined length of head and pronotum. Dorsum of pronotum relatively narrow (Fig. 89), carinae low and thick, but distinct, lateral ones somewhat inflexed in middle; three transverse sulci distinct, metazona more than half length of prozona, its hind margin broadly rounded, medial indentation very weak in male, indistinct in female. Tegmina as in Fig. 89A. Mesosternal interspace narrower than lobe in male, quadrate in female. Hind femur slightly slenderer than in neavei—length/width ratio 3.7 vs. 3.2. External and internal genital structures as in Fig. 90; shapes of epiphallus and spermatheca are particularly distinctive. Coloration cryptic in shades of grey and brownish, very similar to that of A. n. burtti. No distinctive markings. Measurements in Table 7.

—Phlaeoba (Duronia) chloronota Stål, 1876: 48 by original designation. Rodunia I. Bolívar, 1908a: 99 (syn. Uvarov 1953). Type species: Phlaeoba chloronota Stål, 1876, by original designation I. Bolívar 1908a: 100, footnote.

—See genus group diagnosis and key.

-Uvarov (1953) clarified much of the hitherto existing confusion and established the generic synonymy as above. He then listed eight currently valid species attributed to the genus. Of these, D. sanguinolenta (I. Bolívar, 1889) was dubious since the original type is lost. Six African species were keyed; one of them, D. curta Uvarov, 1953, was described as new. A later revision by Dirsh (1962) reduced the eight species to two (the type for the genus Duronia chloronota Stål, 1876, and D. curta Uvarov, 1953). The rest, including the Madagascan D. faeta (I. Bolívar, 1890), were reduced to synonyms of D. chloronota.

A study of genitalia of both the sexes in a large number of specimens broadly confirms Dirsh’s conclusion that Duronia is represented throughout its vast distribution area (including much of Africa south of the Sahara, Madagascar, and S.W. Arabia), by one variable species, D. chloronota Stål. Even the Madagascan populations do not differ markedly. Only in southern Africa is there sufficient differentiation to suggest subspecific status (hitherto described as D. curta Uvarov). Likewise, specimens from Kasewe Forest Reserve in Sierra Leone comprise individuals of very large size, with expanded, somewhat inflated pronota and basally yellow hind wings with infumate apices. These are described here as Duronia c. curta and D. c. phippsi subsp. n., respectively (the latter dedicated to its collector, the well-known entomologist-acridologist, the late John Phipps).

—Included are all the types studied by Dirsh, and also the abundant material in NHMUK collection acquired since that time.

—For diagnosis see under nominate subspecies.

-Syntype and long series of material lodged at NHMUK, London.

—Diagnosis as for genus group. Size (in mm): total length, male 20–30, female 28–44. Integument finely rugose. Antenna ensiform, somewhat shorter than combined length of head and pronotum. Head conical, face oblique, straight, or broadly convex; variable even in same locality. Fastigium parabolic with fine medial and lateral carinulae. Frontal ridge sulcate with high carinulae diverging downwards. Dorsum of pronotum flat, wide, with sharp strong carinae; lateral carinae straight, parallel, or slightly divergent backwards; only posterior sulcus crossing dorsum, metazona slightly shorter than prozona, its posterior margin obtuse-angular. Male genital structures as in Fig. 97 (D. c. phippsi). Coloration extremely variable in shades of dark to light-brown and stramineous, often with admixture of shades of green and presence of dark lateral fascia. Dorsum predominantly in shades of brown, but occasionally in other colors, including a vivid deep pink pigmentation; sides are frequently green.

—There is no marked constancy in color patterns; sometimes a local population may exhibit a fairly homogeneous picture, while another elsewhere presents a wide range of variation. This could be a reflection of the ecological conditions of the habitat, but precise observations are lacking.

—The typical subspecies is by far the most widespread and variable of the three. Occurs in whole Ethiopian region except for deserts; all East African countries including SOMALIA (omitted from COPR (1982) but cited in Johnsen and Schmidt (1982) and Baccetti and Abukar (1987)); in much of southern Africa replaced by Duronia chloronota curta (Uvarov 1953).

—Type material and others in NHMUK, London.

—Differs from nominate subspecies in its smaller size but proportionately more robust build, shorter rounded head, and thick, practically parallel lateral carinae of pronotum. Coloration as in nominate subspecies. Size (in mm); total length: males, 22–2; females, 32–37.

—South African species are intermediate with nominate subspp.

—SOUTH AFRICA (former Natal, Orange Free State, and Cape Province), ZIMBABWE.

—Holotype male: SIERRA LEONE, Kasewe Forest Reserve, 22.Xl.1964 NHMUK. 20 male, 20 female paratypes, same data, NHMUK.

—Differs from other subspecies in its more robust build and larger size. Proportionally longer and more expanded antennae; frontal ridge as in Fig. 107, markedly narrowed at junction with fastigium. Pronotum somewhat inflated, dorsum with strong, raised carinae; lateral carinae somewhat outflexed. Pronotal metazona length of prozona, its hind angle sharp, slightly attenuate (Figs 105, 106). Coloration deep green dorsally, brownish laterally with fine, sparse, dark speckling; hind wings hyaline to faintly yellowish basally, infumate apically. Size (in mm); total length: males, 22–25; females, 32–37.

—Habitat is moist grassland in forest clearings.

—Duronia fracta Krauss, 1890: 260 (I. Bolívar 1908a), by original designation; (but given as Duroniella lucasii (I. Bolívar, 1881) by subsequent designation in OSF (Cigliano et al. 2018)).

-As in description of genus group and key to genera.

—A widespread genus of a dozen or so closely related species, some of which are possibly synonyms. Genus in need of revision. Only species so far recorded in East Africa is Duroniella acuta Uvarov, 1952. The reduced arolia correlate with the marked geophilous tendencies of members of the genus.

—ERITREA: Archico, X; Wakhiro, XI; Ghibdo valley 30 mi. W. of Assab. ETHIOPIA: Paradisso, IX. SOMALIA: Bihendulah, 25 mi. N.W. Berbera, X; Tug Hodna E. of Karin, III; Las Dureh plain, XII. (Also, Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia and Yemen south of 20˚N).

—Slightly below medium size. Size (in mm): males 17.5–19.5, females 25.0–26.5. Head and pronotum as in Figs 108, 109. Integument matt to finely rugulose. Antennae narrowly ensiform; in male longer than, in female shorter than, head and pronotum. Frontal ridge moderately sulcate (Fig. 110), with thick, somewhat wavy margins, weakly divergent downwards. Fastigium of vertex moderately prominent, longer than broad; apex acutely parabolic. Pronotal disc weakly tectiform, smooth, carinae low, but distinct throughout; lateral carinae weakly inflexed in prozona, divergent in metazona. Pronotal metazona 0.8x length of prozona, its hind angle obtusely angulate. Tegmina extend beyond hind knees, membrane semitransparent; intercalary vein in medial area present. Hind femur slender; arolia very small (Fig. 113). External genital structures as illustrated in Figs 111–112. Coloration in buff and pale green variants; a faint dark fascia extends from antennal socket through genae and upper side of lateral pronotal lobes to medial area of tegmina, where it is bordered by a contrasting pale green stripe along costal area; hind wings hyaline; hind femur, including knee, a darker shade of brown than dorsum; hind tibiae pinkish brown. Green forms with pastel green sides are found predominantly among females.

-Comparison of the East African material with the types of D. acuta from Saudi Arabia, the types of D. cooperi Uvarov, 1943 from Egypt, and D. lucasii (I. Bolívar, 1881) from North Africa, shows East African material to be conspecific with the Arabian D. acuta (only differing in minor details such as smaller size and paler coloration). This species is closely related to the Egyptian D. cooperi, but both are quite distinct from the North African D. lucasii on the basis of phallic morphology. Records of D. lucasii from Somalia (cited in Johnsen and Schmidt 1982) should be considered a misidentification.

—ERITREA, ETHIOPIA, SOMALIA, SAUDI ARABIA, YEMEN.

—Leopardia bivittata Baccetti, 1985: 305, by monotypy.

—The diagnosis of the genus is as in the key to genera; for species see below.

—SOMALIA: Giohar; Misciani (Genale) (Type localities); Nr. Afmadu; Mogadiscio. KENYA: 22 km N.W. of Witu along road to Garsen (02°18’S, 40°17’E) 65 m. Dry thicket with lush roadside grass; Hola (01°30’S, 40°00’E); Yasere, Moyale Dist. (03°30’N, 38°55’E). Grass and thorn bush, Adults: VI, XI, XII.

—Below medium size. Size (in mm): total length males 17–20, females 25–33. Integument moderately shiny, finely pitted, somewhat pilose. Antennae narrowly ensiform, in male slightly longer, in female shorter, than combined length of head and pronotum. Head short, acutely pointed with oblique, straight, to weakly convex frons. Frontal ridge broad, margins thick, well-defined, weakly divergent downwards; fastigial constriction weak (Fig. 103). Fastigium of vertex parabolic, with well-defined medial and lateral carinulae and arcuate sulcus in forward position; surface of fastigium flat to weakly convex, meeting frons at an acute angle to form a sharp overhang above antennal fossae; lacking foveolae. Pronotum weakly tectiform, dorsum in metazona and anterior part of prozona finely pitted; front margin straight, hind margin obtuse-angular; medial carina strong, lateral carinae weaker, but well defined throughout. Only hind sulcus distinct, interrupting all three carinae. Metazona distinctly shorter than prozona in both sexes; lateral pronotal lobes with sinuous, ascending lower margin and rounded posterior and anterior angles; a strong longitudinal callose ridge, parallel to, and somewhat below, the upper margin, with area between darkened, a character more pronounced in females (Figs 101, 102). Mesosternal lobes weakly transverse, interspace length/width ratio 3:2 in males, 1:1 in females. Tegmina narrow and tapering, with parabolically rounded apex, not quite reaching hind knees in either sex; membrane semi-transparent, reticulation sparse, intercalary vein in medial area weak or absent. Hind wings distinctly shorter than tegmina. Hind knees with short, rounded outer and subacute inner lobes. Tibiae length of femora, spines moderately long, inner spurs twice length of outer. Male abdominal appendages as in Figs 111–112. Ovipositor with short, robust valves, curved at apices; lower valves without basal tooth. Internal genital structures as in Figs 114–116, rather similar to those in Duronia; hind margin of subgenital plate without marked medial projection. Coloration marbled and speckled in shades of brown and stramineous, with dorsum occasionally greenish (more often so in males). Lateral dark fascia varies in intensity, extending from antennal pits along upper margin of lateral pronotal lobes, sometimes filling much of the space between lateral pronotal carinae and ridge on lobe and thence to medial field of tegmina. Tip of abdomen in males yellowish of varying intensity, probably in response to sexual maturation. Hind femur brown, hind knee and base of tibia more or less dark, more intensely in males; hind tibiae brownish with spines tipped black.

—SOMALIA, KENYA.

—Oxyduronia anablepioides sp. n., here described and designated.

—Below medium size, of medium build. Integument finely rugulose, matt, weakly pilose. Antennae relatively thick, narrowly ensiform, somewhat shorter than length of head and pronotum. Head short, apex sharply pointed; frons oblique, straight to weakly convex in profile. Frontal ridge broad, deeply sulcate with thick margins divergent downwards and narrowly constricted at junction with fastigium. Fastigium of vertex broad, acutely parabolic, its surface convex, meeting the frons at acute angle, forming a projecting sharp overhang above antennal fossae; temporal foveolae absent; carinulae low but distinct, positioned along margin; arcuate sulcus weak, well in front of the middle. Compound eye small, narrowly pointed apically; sub-ocular distance greater than longest diameter of eye in both sexes. Pronotum weakly tectiform; dorsum finely pitted and ridged especially in metazona and anterior part of prozona; anterior margin straight to weakly curved, hind margin obtuse angular with slightly produced rounded apex. Pronotal carinae sharp and raised; lateral carinae straight to outflexed, particularly in female; parallel to weakly divergent caudad, particularly in male. Only typical sulcus distinct on dorsum, interrupting all carinae; metazona subequal to prozona in both sexes. Lateral pronotal lobes flat to weakly concave with irregular ridges and callosities; a submarginal ridge is present below its upper margin but is less marked than in Leopardia; lower margin parallel to upper in its posterior part and ascending in its anterior half; lower hind angle sharp. Mesosternal lobes transverse with rounded angles, interspace wide. Tegmina narrow with parabolic, tapering and somewhat swept back apices; reticulation moderately dense; intercalary vein in medial area weak or absent. Hind wings narrow, pointed and distinctly shorter than tegmina. Hind femora moderately slender; hind knee with lower outer lobe short and rounded, inner subacute. Hind tibiae slender, slightly shorter than femora; inner spurs twice length of outer; arolia large. Abdominal appendages in male unspecialized, elongate and slender; concealed genital structures similar to those in Duronia and Leopardia (Figs 117–119). Epiphallic bridge (Fig. 119) moderately robust, arched and without median process; lophi digitiform, markedly widened and flattened but not upturned apically; posterior projections elongate and slender. Aedeagal valves as in Fig. 118. Ovipositor with short robust upturned valves; lower valves without basal tooth. Structure of spermathecal duct (Fig. 117) and spermatheca similar to that in Duronia; subgenital plate with rounded median projection.

—Genus monotypic. In its general characteristics, and particularly its genital structures, it is like Leopardia, and is a fairly close relative of Duronia. However, the structure of head and pronotum in Oxyduronia is sufficiently distinctive to fully warrant generic recognition.

—Holotype male: S.W. TANZANIA: Ufipa plateau, 16 mi. N.N.W. of Sumbawanga, Mkundi Plantation, 16–27.V.1966, N.D. Jago (NHMUK). Paratypes: 3 males, 1 female, same data as holotype; l female, Ufipa, Malenja, 1.IV.1950, H. Backlund; l male, Ufipa, Nsangu, 7000’ (2134 m) 13.III.1959, Vesey-Fitzgerald. MALAWI: l male, N. Rukuru, Nyika Plateau, 18.III.1967, Whellan (NHMUK).

—As for genus. Size (in mm): total length: males 18–20, females 32–34. Antennae in male subequal to equal, in female distinctly shorter than combined length of head and pronotum. Tegmina not quite reaching hind knee. Coloration both sexes in shades of green and brown; dorsally grass-green, sides marbled and spotted in varying shades of brown, except for green longitudinal stripes in upper part of lateral pronotal lobes and anal and precostal areas of tegmina. Membrane of tegmen thicker and brown basally, semi-transparent and pinkish apically; hind wing hyaline, faintly infumate apically. Hind femora including knee, brown; outer face with more or less pronounced greenish wash. Hind tibiae dirty brown, spines tipped blackish-brown. Underside brownish.

—S.W. TANZANIA: Ufipa Plateau and N. MALAWI.

—Duronia insipida Karsch, 1896: 84, by original designation.

—In key to genera and Figs 120–122. Epiphallus Fig. 122.

—Holotype female (D. insipida): UGANDA: Sesse Islands (MfN).

—Integument smooth, matt. Antennae narrowly ensiform, flattened basally, as long as, or slightly longer than, combined length of head and pronotum. Frontal ridge narrow with thick margins, slightly expanded between antennae, shallowly sulcate and weakly expanded below medial ocellus (Fig. 120). Fastigium concave, triangular, with rounded apex and straight strong margins. Medial carinula weak to obsolescent; arcuate sulcus well behind middle (Fig. 121). Pronotum weakly tectiform with carinae distinct; lateral carinae parallel in prozona, weakly divergent in metazona; metazona as along as or slightly longer than prozona, its hind margin obtuse-angular. Coloration in shades of green, predominantly grass green, with brownish and yellowish patches and stripes (note> dark blackish-brown lateral stripe extending from antennal pit across upper margin of lateral pronotal lobe and thorax but leaving a clear oblique stripe in middle of latter, then crossing medial and cubital areas of tegmina). Hind femur and tibia fawn/brown.

—(In mm). Size small; total length: male 12–15, female 18–22.

—Hygrotypic to mesohygrotypic, frequenting marshes and lake shores, usually in grasslands liable to flooding. Adults recorded throughout the year, thus probably breeding without marked interruption.

—CAMEROON, UGANDA, KENYA, D.R. CONGO. In UGANDA recorded from: Entebbe, Kampala, Kazinga channel, Bwamba, Bugoma forest, Kakamiro, but also at altitude from Ruwenzori, at 4,500’ (1370 m) and 8,000–9,000' (2438–2743 m), and Mount Elgon 5,000–7,000’ (1850–2134 m).

—Stenobothrus comptus Walker, 1870: 762 (Sierra Leone), by subsequent designation I. Bolívar, 1909, note.

—Recognition as in the key to genera.

—Moderately slender. Size (in mm): total length: males 14.5–17.0, females 18.0–21.0. Integument finely rugose and dotted. Antennae filiform, in males about as long as combined length of head and pronotum; in females somewhat shorter. Frontal ridge weakly sulcate, margins slightly divergent downwards. Fastigium of vertex moderately concave, narrowly parabolic with sharp margins; foveolae absent. Pronotum weakly selliform, median carina linear; lateral carinae more obtuse, strongly incurved in prozona, divergent in metazona. Latter with obtuse-angular hind margin and as long as, or slightly longer than, prozona (Fig. 123). Tegmina and wings fully developed, tegmina relatively narrow, intercalary vein weak or absent. Epiphallus with rather short lophi (Fig. 124). General coloration variable, particularly in females, in shades of green and/or brown, paler dorsally and ventrally; in brown individuals usually a dark brownish lateral stripe of varying width extending backwards from antennal pits across upper half of lateral pronotal lobes, but interrupted by a conspicuous oblique clear stripe on mesothorax; in green variants this band is narrowly confined to upper edge of lateral pronotal lobes. Darker blackish-brown color forms could be fire-melanic. Hind wings hyaline, or slightly infumate.

—Widespread from western Africa to D.R. CONGO and ANGOLA, to UGANDA (Bwamba, Jinja, Mabira forest, Kampala, Lake George, Buruli, Samburu falls) and ETHIOPIA (Dembi Forest – Felix and Massa 2016). In Uganda one of the most common forest-edge species.

—Chrysochraon semicarinatus Gerstaecker, 1869: 218, by subsequent designation (I. Bolívar 1909).

—Recognition as in the key to genera. Venation of hind wings very distinctive (key to genera and Fig. 125); complete absence of fastigial foveolae is also diagnostic.

—Holotype male (semicarinatus): KENYA: Wanga (material not available); Types male and female sansibaricus: Zanzibar. Other series: TANZANIA: Zanzibar: Korogwe, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanga, Miombo, Mlingano, Ngomeri; SOUTH AFRICA: Durban.

—Size (in mm): Small; total length: male 16–17, female 22–24. Integument finely rugose, matt. Antennae rather thick, basally slightly compressed, in males somewhat longer than combined length of head and pronotum. Frontal ridge weakly sulcate, margins low weakly divergent. Pronotum weakly tectiform, almost flat; lateral carinae strong, straight and slightly divergent in prozona, obliterate in metazona. Metazona equal in length to prozona, its hind margin obtuse-angular. Tegmina extending beyond hind knees, rather broad; intercalary vein in medial area weak. Hind-wing venation specialized, costal and subcostal areas inflated at apex, medial and cubital areas strongly expanded, lustrous with regular, sparse, transverse veinlets (Fig. 125). Epiphallus with relatively short incurving lophi (Fig. 126). General coloration uniformly brownish to greenish-brown, probably a somewhat brighter green in life. Some specimens with a darker dorsal medial stripe. Hind knee dark. Frons, gena and ventral part of pronotal lobe white or cream colored.

—C. semicarinatus is predominantly East African where it is best known from coastal grasslands. However, the type locality (Wanga) is in Western Kenya. The only other species, C. lamottei, is known only from Guinea, Mt. Nimba. It differs from the type species in its smaller size and shorter wings. Biology little known, but habitat apparently predominantly short moist grasslands. Adults in IV and VIII–XII.

—Predominantly East African, but also reaches Kwazulu-Natal in South Africa. KENYA; TANZANIA; SOUTH AFRICA. Given this distribution, presence in MOZAMBIQUE seems probable.

—Coryphosima brevicornis Karsch, 1893: 72 (type female, TOGO: Bismarckburg) by original designation.

Paracomacris Karsch, 1900: 276 (syn. Dirsh 1958).

—Recognition as in the key to genera. Genital structures characteristic of Gymnobothrus genus group, show little variation and are of little taxonomic use. Epiphallus (Fig. 25).

—A large genus showing considerable taxonomic variation and, like other genera in the Gymnobothrus group, individual variation may be large even at a single locality. Some recent synonymy, however, is thought unjustified. Consequently, carefully defined criteria have been established here, enabling definition of species and subspecies to be made on a consistent basis: geographically distinct populations are considered as valid species if there are no intermediate forms, but in the presence of clinal links they are considered to be subspecies.

In addition to the principal characters used previously to diagnose taxa, this study has found that wing length and structure are informative in dividing these taxa into three groups: macropterous, brachypterous, and micropterous. These are treated sequentially below.

1) Macropterous group: Folded wings reach or extend beyond the tip of abdomen; this group contains several closely related taxa, with Coryphosima stenoptera (Schaum, 1853) (Fig. 127) as the most important element. This group has been subjected to a number of revisions, as follows:

i) Uvarov (1953), in his preliminary review of the species and subspecies of Paracomacris Karsch, 1900, cited seven macropterous species and subspecies, with 12 synonyms. To size (i.e. body length, length of elytra, and hind femur) he added width of the costal and subcostal (scapular) area of the tegmen and the shape of the radial vein as of major diagnostic importance. These criteria divided his material into three species groups:

a) Scapular area narrow, radial vein straight: P. centralis centralis, P. centralis planicola, and P. acuta.

b) Scapular area broad, radial vein sinuous: P. stenoptera stenoptera, P. st. montana, P. st. pharaonis.

c) Scapular area and radial vein of intermediate width and shape: P. producta.

ii) Dirsh (1966, 1970) stated that Uvarov’s tegminal characters were, in his opinion, too variable to define species entities. He consequently published an extensive synonymy under stenoptera, as follows:

Coryphosima (=Paracomacris) stenoptera =

Chrysochraon stenopterus Schaum, 1853.

Stenobothrus productus Walker, 1870 (syn. Dirsh 1966).

Duronia tricarinata I. Bolívar, 1890 (syn. Uvarov 1953).

Coryphosima brevicornis Karsch, 1893 (syn. Dirsh 1966).

Paracomacris deceptor Karsch, 1900 (syn. Uvarov 1953).

Duronia pooensis I. Bolívar, 1905 (syn. Johnston 1956, Dirsh 1958).

Phlaeoba pharaonis Karny, 1907 (syn. Dirsh 1966).

Phlaeoba pharaonis var. alterrima Karny, 1907 (syn. Uvarov 1953).

Paracomacris stenoptera pharaonis (Karny, 1907) (syn. Uvarov 1953).

Paracomacris centralis Rehn, 1914 (syn. Dirsh 1966).

Rodunia pharaonis var. virescens Karny, 1915 (syn. Dirsh 1966).

Rodunia pharaonis var. ferruginea Karny, 1915 (syn. Dirsh 1966).

Duronia acuticeps I. Bolívar, 1915 (syn. Uvarov 1953).

Rodunia deceptor f. kilimana Sjöstedt, 1931 (syn. Uvarov 1953).

Paracomacris centralis planicola Uvarov, 1953 (syn. Dirsh 1966).

Paracomacris acuta Uvarov, 1953 (syn. Dirsh 1966).

iii) Johnsen (1984) synonomized C. vicina (Dirsh, 1956) with C. stenoptera (Schaum, 1853).

iv) Mestre (1988) rightly reinstated Coryphosima brevicornis Karsch, 1893 as a valid species.

v) The present paper. Popov wrote: “In view of transitional forms, this study makes C. vicina (Dirsh, 1956) (macropterous; South Africa) a subspecies of C. stenoptera, as C. stenoptera vicina (Dirsh, 1956)”.

Editorial note

—Popov seems to have been unaware of Johnsen’s (1984) synonomy, but both authors follow the same rationale. We accept Johnsen’s synonomy, considering it to be corroborated by Popov’s opinions.

The macropterous group also includes: Coryphosima stenoptera montana (Uvarov, 1953) and Coryphosima stenoptera colorata subsp. n., both from Ethiopia.

There are now, therefore, two macropterous species (stenoptera and brevicornis), the first of which has three subspecies.

—SENEGAL: Ziguinchor, Dieberine, Oussouye, Dakar. SIERRA LEONE: Mt. Aureol, Freetown, Kent, Bo Sewa beach, Kavina, Regent, Lumley beach; Gola. IVORY COAST: Man-Danané Road. LIBERIA: Bewi hills, Monrovia. MALI: Dogo, Kara. GHANA: Northern, Western and Eastern regions, many localities. TOGO: Pagala. NIGERIA: western province, Lagos, Ibadan. CAMEROON: Bamenda. SOUTH SUDAN: Imatong Mts. ETHIOPIA: Dessie area, 8000’ (2440 m) (series provides a clinal link with C. stenoptera montana), Addis Ababa. SOMALIA: Tug Hodma E. of Karin, Bihendula, Nr. Berbern. UGANDA: Many localities including: Kampala, Entebbe, Bulemwezi, Lawero, Kapeka, Bugoma Forest, Kivuvu, Katangula, Butiaba, Kigezi, Acholi, W. Nile Dist., Tororo, Luwero, Bwamba, Mabira forest, Lango, Mbale, Bunioni-Kashenji, Terinyi, Katunguru. KENYA: Mt. KENYA (Juniper/Podocarpus forest), Aberdares 7000’ (2130 m) (clinal link with C. s. montana), Thika 4,500’ (1370 m), Kakamega forest, Narok, Masai Mara, Nyeri, Nairobi, Baringo, Turkana, Ngong, Kericho, Kapenguria, Kipleleo plain. ERITREA: Archico. TANZANIA: Tukuyu, Milepa plain, Malagarasi, Lake Rukwa, Kahama, Ngudu, Ngorongoro Rest House, Mkomasi Stn. 60 mi. W. Amani, Bugeno, Kakagwe, Mbulumbul, Muheza, Kilimanjaro, Victoria Nyanza, Ukerewe, Moyawosi, Namanyele. Old Shinyanga, 10 mi. N. Ussure, Msigiri Road, Singida dist. (types of Paracomacris centralis planicola Uvarov, 1953—exceptionally large size: M 18–21 mm, F 25–28 mm). RWANDA: Kisenye. D.R. CONGO: Lake Albert: mouth of Semliki River, Kawa, Gety, Bogoro-Gety, Mahagi port, Bunia, Aru, Ratchuru, grass plain near Lake, Bambesa, Djugu Huri forest, Lubumbashi, Katanga: river Lubudi, Mt. Ruwenzori 6000’ (1830m). ZAMBIA: Mwinilunga dist, Abercorn (Mbala), Mweru-wa-Ntipa, Konta plain, Musombwe, Lake Bangweulu, Kalungurishi, Lake Chila, Malagarasi. MOZAMBIQUE: Luabo, Beira, Salone forest, Zambesi: R. Sene Sugar Estate, Mucheve. ZIMBABWE: Salisbury distr. (Harare), Amandas, Silukut 4700’ (1430m), Zimbabwe R, 4800’ (1460m), Umtali Vumba, Umtali Xmas pass, Odzi dist. Mashonaland 5000’ (1525m). ANGOLA: Moxico dist. Luena river, Lumeje river, Munhango river; Villa Luso, river Lungue Bangu, 9 mi. N.W. Sa. de Bandeira, 10 mi. N.E. Cacula, Santa Comba, Lubizi S.W. Alto Hama, Salazar, 10 mi. E. Gabela, Luimbale, Moxico dist: upper Luena river, river Lumeje, valley of Lotombwe, Busaco; Bihe dist: Cohemba, Luchase dist: river Quangu (types of Paracomacris acuta Uvarov, 1953 with exceptionally narrow, acute apex of the head). BOTSWANA: Moremi Res., Gazaland, Chirinda forest. SWAZILAND (now ESWATINI): Mbabane. SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaal (Gauteng): Johannesburg, Tzaneen; Louis Trichardt; Nghelele Zutpansberg distr.; Kwa-Zulu Natal: Royal National Park, Tugela valley (transitional stenoptera-vicina forms). C. vicina material; Zululand: Eshowe, Umfolosi dist. Hagana Hluhluwe 2000’ (610 m), Mtubatuba; Pondoland, Ft. St John; Cape Prov. (Western and Eastern Cape): Eland Height, 15 mi. S.W. Mount Fletcher; Swellendam; Deepwalls Forest, Knysna dist. 1700’ (520 m); Grahamstown; Aberdeen-Somerset East; Ketberg; Wymberg Hili; LESOTHO: Mokhotlong.

—As in key to genera and species. Size (in mm): Types of Paracomacris centralis planicola Uvarov, 1953 are of exceptionally large size, total length: males 18–21, females 25–28 - remaining material is in range: males 14–17, females 17–20. Antennae rather thick, cylindrical apically, slightly compressed but scarcely widened basally. Frontal ridge shallowly sulcate with obtuse lateral carinulae. Fastigium parabolic, shallowly concave, longer than wide, margins low and narrow, but distinct, medial carinula weak, or absent. Arcuate sulcus well behind middle (Figs 127, 128); fastigial rim thick, foveolae absent, or as weakly impressed small pits concealed from above (Fig. 129). Pronotal disc flat to weakly tectiform, median carina linear; lateral carinae straight and weakly divergent caudad, strong in prozona, weak and more or less obliterate in metazona; typical sulcus in mid position, interrupting medial and lateral carinae. First and second sulci weaker, not interrupting carinae (Fig. 127). Tegmina and wings fully developed, usually extending beyond hind knees; tegmina semi-transparent, rather narrow; intercalary vein of medial area present. Width of costal area and curvature of subcostal and radial veins variable. General coloration variable in shades of brown, from black/brown to stramineous, darker dorsally, paler ventrally; dorsum occasionally pigmented green especially in females. A dark blackish-brown lateral band is usually present, extending from post-ocular area across upper part of lateral pronotal lobes, to tegmina; a sulphurous stripe in basal part of radial veins is sometimes present. Wings hyaline to yellowish at base, infumate apically; hind knees dark brown-black, hind tibiae greyish-brown.

—A fairly strict graminicole. Continuous reproduction with several annual generations.

—Widespread in mesotypic and meso-hygrotypic savannas and grasslands from westem to eastern, central and southern Africa. Recorded in all East African countries, often common. The now synonomized C. vicina (Dirsh, 1956) (syn. Johnsen 1983) extends the range of this subspecies to SOUTH AFRICA and LESOTHO (Figs 132, 133).

—ETHIOPIA: Djem-Djem forest, 2400–3000 m; Mount Chillalo, 2400 m; Wooroomon. Further material from Mt. Chillalo, moorland ca. 3000 m collected together with specimens of the brachypterous C. abyssinica Uvarov, 1934, but without any intermediate forms.

—Differs from nominate subspecies in smaller size, but rather robust build and generally somewhat darker coloration. Fastigium of vertex elliptical. Pronotum short, rugulose; lateral carinae parallel. Subcostal area expanded with few widely spaced veinlets. Size (in mm): total length: males 13–15, females 18–21mm.

—ETHIOPIA. Clinal links between subspecies montana and stenoptera are apparent at lower altitudes on the Ethiopian plateau.

—Holotype male: ETHIOPIA: West of Mendi-Alendi-Asosa road, 1400 m. 17–20.IX.1976, Jago. All paratypes—5 males, 1 female, same data as holotype; female, West of Nejo, 2200 m 16–19.IX.1976, Jago (NHMUK).

—Size close to nominate subspecies from lowland and mid altitude areas, males l7 mm, females 20–23 mm. General build slightly more slender, integument smoother, fastigium of vertex narrower (Fig. 152) and antennae longer (Fig. 153)—9 mm instead of average of 7 mm in male, but most striking difference is in coloration (discolored in dry specimens): in male antennae black; upper half of body in shades of brown, dorsum paler and upper sides of thorax dark chocolate-brown (Fig. 151) (contrasting with broad white stripe below which extends from gena to base of hind femur); abdomen with pale blue below in life; red undersides to hind femur and tibia with a ferruginous orange tinge; hind knee and adjacent part of tibia brownish-black, without a sub-basal pale ring. Hind wings hyaline, somewhat infumate apically. Coloration in females more subdued.

—Habitat among long grass in shade adjacent to riverine woodland in marshy valley at 4,600 ft (1,400 m). Accompanied by Amesotropis spp., with Oxya hyla, Rastafaria abessinica, and Orthochtha spp. in adjacent swamp hollow.

—ETHIOPIAN highlands.

—Diagnosis as in key. Of more stocky build and smaller size than stenoptera. Wings relatively short, barely reaching tip of abdomen. Uniquely broad fastigium of vertex with arcuate transverse sulcus located well forward (Figs 130, 131). Coloration in brighter and more contrasting shades of brown than in C. s. stenoptera, with a distinctive broad dark lateral stripe; outer face of hind femur dark yellow, knee black. Size (in mm). Total length: males 12–15, females 16–20.

—Highlands of S.W. TOGO, S.E. GHANA, S. IVORY COAST, GUINEA (Mt. Nimba).

2. Brachypterous species.

—Known only from type series. TANZANIA: Kasulu region, 24 km W. of Kasulu, 1500–2000 m, IX (NHMUK, ANSP).

—As in key to species. Size smallest for genus; total length: males 11–12, females 15–17 mm. Antennae slightly flattened basally; in males rather longer than combined length of head and pronotum. Fastigium of vertex as in Fig. 138, arcuate sulcus near middle; anterior area smooth, posterior area coarsely callose; margins and medial carinula weak but distinct. Temporal foveolae absent. Pronotal disc as in Fig. 139, lateral carinae straight, almost parallel and nearly complete in metazona. Metazona distinctly shorter than prozona, its hind margin obtuse angular. Tegmina vary in length from almost reaching supra-anal plate, to barely reaching posterior edge of fifth abdominal tergite; costal field surpassing middle of anterior border of tegmen. Hind femora relatively heavy. General coloration in shades of dark and lighter brown, with a contrasting black and creamy lateral stripe extending obliquely from base of antenna, across gena and lower part of lateral pronotal lobe. Dorsum of pronotum uniform brown, of light brown with medial carina narrowly edged with dark brown. Tegmina uniform brown. Hind femora pale brown, upper outer face and knee blackish; hind tibiae light brown, blackish towards extremities.

—N.W. TANZANIA.

—KENYA: Aberdares N. face, Chebuswa 00˚14’S, 34˚36’E, 3300 m; grassy ridge between dense Erica bush; 0°15’S, 36°35’E, 3380 m; moorland and heath zone at base of inselberg. Mt. KENYA 00°0’S, 37°18’E. UGANDA: Mt Elgon, alpine and heath zones at altitudes of 3000–4000 m on both the Ugandan and Kenyan sides. Adults I–III.

—As in the key. Size slightly larger than preceding species (Fig. 154). Size (in mm): total length: males 13–16, females 16–20. Antennae somewhat shorter and incrassate. Fastigium of vertex as in Fig. 155, broadly parabolic, its rim thick; temporal foveolae present as small indentations (Fig. 156), arcuate sulcus well behind middle. Dorsum of pronotum (Fig. 157), lateral carinae straight, slightly divergent and weak in metazona. Costal area of tegmen expanded and extending beyond middle of tegmen. General coloration mottled brown, often with admixture of green. Dark lateral and often a dark medial dorsal stripe (Figs 154, 157) characteristic.

—KENYA and UGANDA: Mt. Elgon. KENYA: Aberdares.

—ETHIOPIA: Wouramboulchi, near Djem Djem, ca. 3000 m Arusi/Bale Prov. Shashamene-Goba road, 2610 m short turf/bush heath. Chillalo, moorland 3000 m SOUTH SUDAN: Imatong Mts.

—As in the key. In size similar to, or slightly larger than, C. elgonensis but more slender. Antennae slender, exceeding length of head and pronotum in male. Fastigium of vertex (Fig. 142), parabolic, distinctly longer than wide. Pronotal disc (Fig. l43); metazona subequal in length to prozona, but proportionately longer than in other brachypterous species. General coloration mottled in shades of predominantly darker browns without admixture of green pigmentation; dark lateral band occurs predominantly in males.

—South Sudan series are darker, with a more deeply sulcate frontal ridge, and a smoother surface of fastigium of vertex than Ethiopian material. Subspecific status is, however, not warranted. Dirsh (1966) synonymized abyssinica with elgonensis, but this has been widely ignored by subsequent authors (Johnston 1968, Otte 1995, Cigliano et al. 2018) and it is here formally restored from synonymy.

—ETHIOPIA, SOUTH SUDAN. Montane species, probably terri-graminicole. Adults X, XI and II.

—Known only from the type series. ZIMBABWE: Vumba Mts., 1520 m.

—As in the key. Size and build similar to C. abyssinica. Fastigium of vertex broadly parabolic, as wide as long (Fig. 140). Lateral pronotal carinae absolutely straight and evenly divergent caudad (Fig. 141); metazona subequal to prozona. Costal field of tegmen not surpassing middle of anterior border. Coloration in shades of brown, paler and less contrasting than in other species.

—ZIMBABWE.

—Known only from the type series. ETHIOPIA: Bale Mts., 2380 m.

—As in the key. A very small species, size (in mm): males 12.3–13.2, females 16.5–18.0. Antennae nearly longer than head and pronotum together, the first 7–8 segments flattened, others rounded. Foveolae absent. Face oblique, frontal ridge with parallel margins, except near the ocellus, where it is narrowed. Fronto-genal carinae evident. Fastigium of vertex parabolic, prominent, 1.1x longer than broad, its surface concave, margins smooth. Pronotum disc slightly tectiform, with irregular longitudinal rugosities, central carina raised, interrupted only by typical sulcus, prozona just longer than metazona. Lateral carinae parallel, lower than central carina, broader and flattened in metazona. Anterior margin of pronotum nearly straight, posterior rounded. Lateral lobes as long as deep, their surface rugulose, lower margin little ascendant. Mesosternal space as long as wide, metasternal space much smaller, nearly square. Prozona slightly longer than metazona. For images, see Felix and Massa 2016, that is also the source of this description.

3. Micropterous species

—Known only from type series. KENYA: Mt. Kenya, V, Juniper-Podocarpus zone (NHMUK).

—Size slightly smaller than other species in group. Size (in mm): males 12–13, females 17.5–22.0. Antennae about 1.5x the length of head and pronotum, basal segments slightly flattened and expanded. Frontal ridge broad, shallowly concave with thick, nearly parallel margins. Fastigium of vertex (Fig. 147), carinulae and margins distinct; foveolae represented by shallow pitting. Pronotum (Fig. 148) weakly tectiform, lateral carinae distinct, subparallel in prozona, weakly divergent and partly obsolescent in metazona, interrupted by typical sulcus only. General coloration contrasting chestnut-black and cream; dorsum of pronotum cream, without dark marking; the dark band along the lateral lobes is weaker than in other species and is usually confined to narrow fasciae along the upper margin and below the middle of the lobe, the intervening area clear or with faint dark speckling. Discoidal area of tegmina with a black band and sometimes, more often in females, with a yellowish speculum. Abdomen with broad black lateral band attenuating apically. Outer face of hind femora suffused with black; lower face reddish, knees black.

—KENYA: Mt. Kenya.

—Known only from type series. UGANDA: Mt. Moroto, 3000 m, VIII 1966 (NHMUK).

—Differs from C. amplificata in larger size. Size (in mm): total length males 15–17, females 20–29. Antennae 1.7x length of head plus pronotum. Fastigium of vertex (Fig. 149) somewhat broader, with weaker carinula; foveolae as weak or weaker. Pronotum with inflexed and markedly divergent lateral carinae interrupted by all three transverse sulci (Fig. 150). Epiphallus as in Fig. 163—compare with Rastafaria, Fig. 162. Coloration generally light brown and black; dorsum of pronotum without black, but side band strong, covering 2/3 of lateral lobe of pronotum (Fig. 150). Abdominal side band more interrupted and fainter; tegmina shiny-black in anterior 3/5; posterior femora light brown, immaculate. Females generally similar to males but antennae shorter, about equal to length of head and pronotum. Area of tegmen between C and Sc with a creamy calloused speculum in many specimens, thus unlike males.

—UGANDA: Moroto Mt.

—D.R. CONGO: Katanga (as Shaba) Prov., Likasi (type locality), 10 mi. S. Kapona, 1570 m; Lubumbashi. ZAMBIA: N.W. Prov. Kapushi; Kipundu; 16 mi. N. of Mwinilunga (NHMUK).

—Main diagnostic character is the triangular shape of the pyriform vesicle of the tympanum (Bouvy 1982).

—Size and structural details species closely resembles morotoensis (compare Figs 144 and 149); separated by presence of a dark dorso-medial band which extends from occiput to tip of abdomen (Figs 145, 146).

—D.R. CONGO, ZAMBIA.

—Rastafaria abessinica Ramme, 1931: 932, by original designation.

—As in the key to genera. Head pointed, somewhat inflated (Fig. 158); antennae almost twice combined length of head and pronotum in male, but only slightly longer in female. Frontal ridge rather thick, flat to weakly sulcate, markedly narrowed at junction with fastigium of vertex; latter excavate and elongate with arcuate sulcus well behind middle (Fig. 159). Pronotum sub-cylindrical, lateral carinae inflexed, weak to obsolete, but occasionally partly raised and callose, particularly in females; hind edge of pronotal disc broadly rounded to slightly emarginate (Fig. 161). Tegmina varying from slightly shorter to slightly longer than pronotal disc. Hind femora relatively slender. Male cerci elongate, tapering, but with rounded apices; supra-anal plate with medial groove extending half way to tip. Epiphallic lophi more elongate and robust than in most other members of group (Fig. 162; compare with Fig. 163). Coloration extremely variable, but characteristically with green and olivaceous pigmentation much in evidence. Female anatomy as in Figs 164, 165. Measurements (in mm); total length males 12–16, females 15–22.

—In re-establishing Rastafaria, Bouvy (1982) considered that it included R. abessinica and three other taxa: amplificata amplificata (Johnston, 1937) and amplificata morotoensis Jago, 1968, transferred from Gymnobothroides, and Rastafaria triangularis Bouvy, 1982, described as new. Here Rastafaria becomes a monotypic genus again.

—ETHIOPIA: Kefa prov. W. of Jimma (Bellela forest), 2075 m; 16 km N.E. of Jimma (Badabuna forest); Walaga prov. 4 km N.E. of Nkemte; 6.4 km W. of Ghimbi; between Bambesi and Asosa; between Mendi and Bambesi; 33.6 km W. of Mendi; Shewa prov. 13.4 km W. of Hager Hiwot; Guder-Nkemte rd. W. of Mendi. UGANDA: Bugisu, Mt. Elgon, above Bumasifwa, Bumagabula (34°27’E 01°09’N), 2400 m. KENYA: Kericho (NHMUK).

—As in generic key and description. A distinctive species recognizable especially from structure of its head and pronotum and its striking coloration. Structural and color variation is considerable not only between samples from different localities, but also in material from same locality, notably in a very long series of G. hypsophilia from Mt. Elgon. Among these, the range of color variation is truly remarkable; in males general coloration is olivaceous green to green with black antennae with or without a lateral black stripe variously developed and coupled with fine dark speckling; underside of abdomen yellowish apically. Hind femora with knees black, remainder yellow and lower inner and outer areas more or less suffused with bright pink pigmentation. Hind tibiae dull greyish blue. Females exhibit an even greater range of color variation, some are even brighter green than males, with a rich suffusion of crimson on lower inner and outer areas of hind femur, while others are of predominantly brown pigmentation with a well-marked broad dark lateral stripe. Brown variants are more usual in Ethiopian populations, which also exhibit considerable differences from Ugandan ones, notably in shape of frontal ridge and pronotal disc. The single male specimen from Kericho, Kenya, is close to Ugandan series.

—ETHIOPIA, UGANDA, and KENYA; habitats at medium to high altitude.

—GUINEA: Mamou (type locality of Chortoicetes albomarginatus Karny). Central African Republic: Pama Quelle, (type locality of Pseudochirista houyi Ramme). UGANDA: Entebbe; Kakumiro; Mubende; Lake Rudolf (now KENYA); Buddu Kakuto; Lwango Buddu; Bugwere; Kapeka; Masaka Lwango; Kalisizo; Lango; Kabwe; Ankole; Lubale-Lwentobo; Ankole Lwasamaire, Koki; Lake George; Kazinga Channel; Kibale; Tororo; Chiawante Lango. KENYA: Donyo Sabuk; Thika; Mombasa; Baringo; Masai Mara; Witu Forest Res. Maralal; Emali range S. of Sultan Hamud; Emsu dist. 00˚41’S, 37˚28’E; Chyulu hills S.E. end, 77 kms from Makutano; Taita hills. ETHIOPIA: Addis Ababa; Lake Zwai; Sire; Harrar; Lake Bishoftu. ZAMBIA: Chyanga; Chingola, Mbala, Ndola. D.R. CONGO: Bunia upland 4500’; Gety; Kasenyi. ANGOLA: 3 mi. N. Sta. Comba. SOUTH AFRICA: Free State, Witzeishoek, 6100’ (1860 m); Kwa-Zulu Natal; Transvaal (Gauteng).

—Relatively slender build; size medium to below medium for genus. Integument smooth, matte. Antennae thick, weakly flattened and dilated basally; as long as, to slightly longer than head and pronotum in male, somewhat shorter in female. Antennae with conspicuous white annuli in life. Frontal ridge broad with low thick margins weakly divergent towards clypeus; fastigial constriction weak (Fig. 167). Fastigium of vertex oblong, weakly concave with low margins, longer than wide in male (Fig. 176), shorter in female; temporal foveolae narrowly elongate (Fig. 175). Pronotal disc broad, weakly tectiform, somewhat variable in shape as in Figs 168–174; lateral carinae straight and weakly divergent caudad, or parallel, more or less slightly inflexed in prozona and more divergent in metazona. Lateral carinae vary from weak to strong and callose; first transverse sulcus weak, second strong, cutting lateral carinae (Fig. 166). Wings extend beyond hind knees and in some specimens (notably from Uganda) are exceptionally long. Genital structures as in Figs 179–180. Coloration variable in shades of brown, stramineous, and grey; dorsum usually paler than sides; face sometimes speckled, bearing an oblique ochraceous stripe below ocellus; pronotal disc uniformly colored, or sometimes with narrow dark brown stripes bordering contrastingly pale medial carina; lateral pronotal lobes often with a broad dark stripe and a large yellowish spot below (Fig. 166). Costal area of tegmina often with a contrasting white stripe and medial area with a chain of alternating dark and light spots. Wings hyaline, slightly infumate apically. Hind femur with dark knee and three more or less distinct oblique stripes across upper face; lower outer face greyish, inner ochraceous. Hind tibia greyish, with pale sub-basal ring. Measurements (in mm): total length males 12.0–16.5, female 17.0–24.0.

—Our material exhibited considerable structural and color variation. Much of this occurs within sympatric populations. On this basis G. variegatus (Sjöstedt) and G. elgonensis (Sjöstedt), are variants of G. lineaalba and become new synonyms of it. (cf. Fig. 166A vs. Figs 168–174).

—SIERRA LEONE, GUINEA, GHANA, IVORY COAST, CAMEROON, UGANDA, KENYA, SOUTH SUDAN, TANZANIA, ANGOLA, ZAMBIA, ZIMBABWE, MALAWI, ETHIOPIA, LESOTHO, NAMIBIA, SOUTH AFRICA.

-SOUTH AFRICA: Western Cape (as Cape Province): Cape peninsula, Groote Schuur, Kirstenbosch; Constantia Nek; (Orange) Free State: Zostron; Kwa-Zulu Natal: Drakensberg. LESOTHO: Mokhotlong.

—Slightly smaller but more robust than preceding species. Size (in mm); total length: males 14–15, females 17–18. Sculpturing of integument somewhat coarser. Antennae barely the length of head and pronotum, somewhat incrassate and flattened basally. Frontal ridge thick, sulcate below medial ocellus. Fastigium of vertex parabolic, considerably longer than wide; temporal foveolae kidney-shaped, deep. Pronotal disc rugulose (Fig. 181), medial carina strongly raised, acute; metazona longer than prozona, its hind margin forming a right angle with the tip rounded; lateral carinae well developed, weakly inflexed in prozona and interrupted by the first and the main transverse sulci. Epiphallus as in Fig. 182. Coloration similar to lineaalba except for the unusual occurrence of females with dark-green dorsum, not known in other species of the genus. Upper face of hind femur immaculate brown; lower outer face yellowish; inner face and tibia light brownish. Both light and fire melanic forms occur.

—SOUTH AFRICA.

-Holotype male longicornis: CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: Bosum, Sanga-Lobadje.

—As defined in the key above.

—The various subspecies in this complex include several closely related taxa which are distributed across western Africa to East Africa and south to ANGOLA. In view of their close similarity and occurrence of clinal links between these species, they are here reduced to the level of subspecies under longicornis Ramme. It is conceivable, however, that two other extant taxa, oberthuri I. Bolívar, 1890 and romeri (Karny, 1909), from Tabora and Amani in TANZANIA respectively (not reviewed here as no material was available), could also belong to this group and thus in due course take precedence as older synonyms of longicornis.

—GHANA: Northern Region, Masaka, Tamale rd; Bulkwere; Bole; Yeji; Cambogu Upper reg.: Han; Tamu; N. of Nakpanduri, Gambaga scarp; Volta reg: 2ml.W of Kpandu; Ashanti reg: Jema; Keti Krachi. BURKINA FASO: 2 mi. N.E. of Kantchari. NIGERIA: Bida; Oyo; Kanije; Shagunu; Onigbu; Akwanga; Matyoro Lakes, 25 mi. N. Gombe.

—General coloration dark blackish and brown markings against lighter background, often with dorso-medial cream stripe. Lateral pronotal lobes lighter ventrally. Tegmina with a series of 5–6 dark spots in medial area. Male abdomen reddish ventrally at maturity. Coloration of hind femora: upper area with 3 dark blackish spots extending as paler broad diffuse markings onto outer area; lower outer area with brownish-black stripe; inner area yellowish to blackish. Hind tibiae bluish-grey with black pigment basally, distally and ventrally. Measurements in Table 8.

—Similar to nominate subspecies from CAMEROON, differing from it principally in more concave fastigium of vertex and more intensive black pigmentation, particularly of hind femora.

—Guinea savanna of GHANA, BURKINA FASO, NIGERIA, and probably adjacent countries of western Africa. Adults in II, III, IV, V, VII, XII.

—UGANDA: Koki; Lango district; Chiawanto; Adechal; Lake Albert, Butiaba; Fort Portal; Bundebugyo. TANZANIA: Mkwemi, 22 mi. W. of Kahama; Morogoro; Mpwapwa, Mt. Kibabiani; 28 mi. N. Biharamulo.

—In size and general build similar to subsp. ephippinotus. Size (in mm): total length: males 14.0–19.0, females 16.5–22.0. Antenna about 1.5x length of head and pronotum, its medial segment about 3 times longer than wide. Frontal ridge (Figs 189, 190), with fairly sharp margins, narrowly constricted apically, its surface pitted and shallowly sulcate. Fastigium of vertex less elongate and concave than in ephippinotus; foveolae narrow and deeply sulcate. Pronotum as in ephippinotus, but lateral carinae slightly stronger. Coloration in lighter shades than in ephippinotus, more uniform and less speckled. Dorsum is generally paler than sides; abdomen and underside fawnish; dark pattern on lateral pronotal lobes (Fig. 188). Pattern on outer face of hind femur as in Fig. 191; lower inner and outer face blackish brown.

—The original paratype from Cameroon shows close similarity to the material from the Imatong area of South Sudan and from Uganda. In these, the fastigium of vertex is more broadly rounded, frontal ridge less sulcate, and lateral pronotal carinae stronger. Coloration of the Imatong specimens is also fairly similar: pronotal disc mostly pale, but occasionally edged with dark brown; lateral dark fascia is strong, covering upper 2/3 of pronotal lobes, but with a contrasting large cream spot along its anterior edge. Abdomen orange with a chain of intricate spots along tergites; series of spots on tegmina is faint and outer face of hind femur has a large pale spot, while upper face bears 3 alternating dark and pale spots; sub-basal pale spot is particularly vivid and contrasting in melanic forms. Lower outer face is brown and inner yellow. Hind tibia greyish brown with a broad pale sub-basal ring.

In Ugandan material antennae are equally long and slender, scarcely dilated basally; frontal ridge narrow, deeply sulcate at the ocellus, less so above and below; fastigium of vertex more parabolic; temporal foveolae narrow or broader, deeper below edge of rim, incompletely marginate below. Lateral pronotal carinae somewhat stronger and prozona subequal in length to metazona. Coloration in contrasting patterns of browns and pale cream; face a triangular mask of brown edged with cream; dark lateral fascia broad, paler in middle, its pattern on lateral pronotal lobes as in Fig. 188. Dark pattern on outer face of hind femur as oblique faint stripes, lower outer face dark brown, inner yellow.

In Tanzanian specimens (Mkwemi, Kahama) antennae are long, slender, and completely black; ratio to length of head and pronotum, 1.5 in male. Frontal ridge pitted and somewhat sulcate at ocellus, but fastigial constriction less marked (Fig. 190). Temporal foveolae consist of multiple shallow pits. Lateral pronotal carinae rather weak. Coloration is distinctive, predominantly in contrasting deep dark brown and cream; usually a pale dorso-medial stripe edged with dark brown present; face a mask of lighter brown triangle bordered with cream; pattern of lateral pronotal lobes brown, ochre and cream; abdomen is ferruginous with brown speckling; black pattern on hind femur confined to three spots on upper face and hind knee, but outer face slate-grey and brown, with lower outer face orange and inner face yellow (Fig. 192). Specimens from Morogoro are darker, have shorter antennae and a broader frontal ridge.

—CAMEROON, CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC, SOUTH SUDAN, UGANDA, TANZANIA.

—ANGOLA: Moxico dist. rivers Lumeje; Munhango, Lungue Bungu, Mu-Simoj; Bihe dist. Cohemba. Also, Tundavala; Bruco; 15 mi. N. Sa de Bandeira; River Langiliko.

—Size (in mm): males 16–19, females 18–21. Similar to other subspp. in size, general appearance, and elongate antennae; differs in following respects: Frontal ridge broadly sulcate from above ocellus downwards, flat and punctured elsewhere, its fastigial constriction weak (Fig. 193). Fastigium of vertex strongly concave, pentagonal, about as long as broad; temporal foveolae fairly large, incompletely marginated below (Fig. 194). Pronotum markedly more constricted (‘sellate’) than in other subspecies; lateral carinae obliterated between first and second sulci and in posterior 2/3 of metazona, strongly callose elsewhere (Fig. 195). Lateral pronotal lobes much deeper than long, their surface very uneven (Fig. 196). Coloration brown, mottled with ivory-white, buff, and grey; lateral pronotal lobes with typical pattern brown above, ivory-white below. Tegmina grey with a series of brownish spots along discoidal field and beyond it. Abdomen reddish-brown below; upper face of hind femur with large brownish-black spots, outer face brown above, yellow below, while lower outer area brown. Hind tibia yellowish touched with black on inner and outer face.

—The specimens from Bruco are less sellate and coriaceous and more like those from Tanzania.

—ANGOLA. Adults recorded in VI, VIII, IX, X.

—TANZANIA: Tukuyu vii.1923, N. C. E. Miller (Holotype male and 7 males, 11 female paratypes (some IX.1924) of Pseudochirista fallax elongata Miller); Morogoro; Mpwapwa, Mt. Wilkins 6000’ (1830 m); Mkwemi 22 mi. W. Kahama; 60 mi. W. Amani; 6 mi. W. Kibau; 8 mi. S. Chala Mission. UGANDA: Lake George; Kigezi, Kashonji 7000’ (2135 m). SOMALIA: Haud. D.R. CONGO: Lake Edward; Kasenyi. ANGOLA: Villa Luso 3000’ (915 m), 7.VI.1927, M. Burr (labelled by Uvarov as homotypic with cotype of G. cruciatus I. Bolívar). KENYA: Turkana. ZAMBIA: Kabundi forest at Chingola (Johnsen 1984).

—Closely similar to G. longicornis; similar but of more variable size and of more robust build. Size (in mm): total length males 13–18, females 17–23. Antennae usually thin, barely longer than head and pronotum in male, shorter in female. Frontal ridge broad, narrowly sulcate at medial ocellus, flat or convex elsewhere; margins low and thick, only weakly divergent towards clypeus and constricted at junction with fastigium. Fastigium parabolic; arcuate sulcus near mid position (Fig. 199). Foveolae mostly weak, elongate and narrow, or as series of shallow pits (Fig. 198). Pronotum of rather variable structure; carinae straighter than in longicornis and mostly strong and callose throughout, even between first and second sulci, but becoming obsolete towards rear margin of metazona. Latter longer than prozona and more broadly expanded than in longicornis (Figs 200–202). Epiphallus as in Fig. 197; spermatheca as in Fig. 203.

General coloration brownish, mottled and striped; face often with several alternating horizontal dark and light stripes; occiput and pronotal disc with a pale dorso-medial stripe edged with dark-brown lateral stripes, contrasting with callose ivory-white lateral carinae. Lower posterior part of lateral pronotal lobes with large ochraceous spot; abdomen light brown; tegmina with series of blackish spots in medial area; hind femur uniformly brown, sometimes with a small blackish stripe in middle of upper external area; lower areas brownish or yellowish. Hind tibia brownish with a pale sub-basal ring.

—There is considerable structural, size, and color variation, with some specimens, for instance those from Mt. Wilkins in Tanzania (NHMUK collection), being fairly distinct from others. Subspecies status for them does not, however, seem justified at present. The types of Pseudochirista fallax elongata Miller were examined and are considered conspecific with a specimen of Chortoicetes fallax Karny bearing that author’s name label. A specimen of G. cruciatus I. Bolívar (det. Uvarov) is also a close match with neotype material of I. Bolívar; this confirms the synonymy proposed by Dirsh (1966, 1970), and which is therefore adopted here.

—KENYA, TANZANIA, UGANDA, SOMALIA, D.R. CONGO, ANGOLA, ZAMBIA.