Effects of substrate color on the frequencies of Patanga japonica last instar nymphs with different background body colors (A), with reddish legs (B), and in different black patterning grades (C). Nymphs were reared individually in black, yellow-green (Y-green) and white containers from May 31 to August 15 at room temperature (25.1°C on average). Different letters in B indicate significant differences in proportions by a χ2 test at 5%. For body colors and black patterning grades, see Fig. 1.